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chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Central nervous system (CNS) consists of

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of

A

the other nerve cells in the rest of the body

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3
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

voluntary behavior

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

non voluntary actions of the body (heart rate, and other bodily functions, reflexes)
Functions of the CNS and PNS are anatomically separate but they are interdependent

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5
Q

Neurons

A

basic units of the nervous system. Receive, integrate, and transmit information STUDY REST IN OUTLINE

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6
Q

Dendrites

A

short, branch like appendages that detect chemical signals from neighboring neurons

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7
Q

Cell body/soma

A

the information received via the dendrites from thousands of other neurons is collected and integrated

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8
Q

Axon

A

a long narrow outgrowth of a neuron by which information is conducted from the cell body to the terminal buttons

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9
Q

Terminal buttons

A

at the end of axons; small nodule that release chemical signals from the neuron into the synapse

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10
Q

Synapse

A

site where chemical communication occurs between neurons Neurons do not touch each other so they communicate by sending chemical signals through synapses

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11
Q

Membrane

A

the fatty barrier on the outer surface of the neuron
Selectively permeable

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12
Q

Action potential (neural firing)

A

is the electrical signal that passes along the axon

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13
Q

Action potential summary

A

when a neuron fires it opens the sodium gates which allows sodium in therefore making the neuron more positively charged than the outside which causes the action potential. Then the potassium channels open to allow potassium inside the cell membrane. This pushes the sodium out of the cell while returning the neuron to its negatively charged form
SEE OUTLINE

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14
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

electrical charge of the neuron when it is not active
When the neuron is not active there is a more negative charge inside the neuron than outside

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15
Q

Polarized

A

when a neuron has more negative ions inside than outside
Creates electrical energy necessary to power the firing of the neuron

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16
Q

Sodium-potassium pumps

A

increases potassium and decreases sodium inside the neuron

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17
Q

Excitatory signals

A

depolarize the cell membrane
Decreasing the negative charge inside the cell relative to the outside
Increase the likelihood of the neuron firing

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18
Q

Inhibitory signals

A

hyper polarize the cell Increasing
Increasing the negative charge inside the cell relative to the outside
Decrease the likelihood of the neuron firing

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19
Q

Excitatory and inhibitory signals

A

The firing of the signals are not determined by whether an inhibitory and excitatory signal gets their first but the frequency of those signals

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20
Q

Relative refractory period

A

brief period of time following the action potential when a neuron’s membrane potential is more negative or hyperpolarize making it harder to fire again

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21
Q

all-or- none principle

A

dictates that a neuron fires with the same potency each time
Either fires or does not
The stronger the stimulation the more frequently action potentials are generated

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22
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

the brief period of time following the action potential when the ion channel is not able to respond again
Followed by relative refractory period

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23
Q

Action Potential

A

always moves in one direction down the axon away from the cell body to the terminal buttons

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24
Q

Myelin sheath

A

encases and insulates many axons which allows faster movement of electrical impulses down the axon (made of glial cells)

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25
Q

Demyelination

A

slows down neural impulses and interrupts normal neural communication

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26
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

small gaps of exposed axon where action potential takes place
Presynaptic neuron: sends the signal

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27
Q

Neurotransmitters

are made

A

chemicals that are made in the axon or cell body and stored in vesicles. Transmits signals from one neuron to another
inside the terminal button

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28
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

does what?

A

receives the signal

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29
Q

Acetylcholine

A

motor control over muscles, learning, memory sleeping, and dreaming

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30
Q

Norepinephrine

controls

A

arousal, vigilance, and attention

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31
Q

Serotonin

A

emotional states and impulsiveness, dreaming

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32
Q

Dopamine

gives a person a sense of

A

reward and motivation , motor control over voluntary movement

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33
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric-acid)

A

inhibition of action potentials, anxiety reduction

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34
Q

Glutamate

enhances?

A

enhancements of action potentials, learning and memory

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35
Q

Endorphins

decreases?

A

pain reduction, reward

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36
Q

Receptors

A

are specialized protein molecules located on the postsynaptic membrane that specifically respond to the chemical structure of the neuron available in the synapse
A NEUROTRANSMITTER CANNOT BIND WITH A RECEPTOR IF IT CANNOT FIT

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37
Q

How neurotransmitters work

A

Neurotransmitters are made in the axon
Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles
Action potentials cause vesicles to fuse to the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synapse
Released neurotransmitters bind to the postsynaptic receptors
Neurotransmission is terminated by reuptake, enzyme deactivation or autoreception

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38
Q

Reuptake

A

occurs when the neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic terminal buttons (recycling)

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39
Q

Enzyme deactivation

A

when an enzyme destroyed the neurotransmitter in the synapse
Different enzymes breaks different neurotransmitters

40
Q

Autoreception

A

neurotransmitters can bind with receptors on the presynaptic neuron
Monitor how much neurotransmitter has been released into the synapse

41
Q

Agonists

A

drugs and toxins that enhance the actions of neurotransmitters

42
Q

Antagonists

inhibit

A

inhibit the actions of drugs and toxins

43
Q

Agonists and antagonists

alters?

A

can alter a neurotransmitter’s action in many ways

44
Q

Agonist enhance action of neurotransmitters

helps produce

A

Introducing a substance that helps produce the neurotransmitter (precursor) thus increasing the amount of neurotransmitter made and released by the presynaptic neuro blocks recpetors that trigger reuptake making the neurotransmitter last longer in the synape

45
Q

Antagonist

reduces

A

Introducing a substance that reduces the amount of neurotransmitter made and released into the synapse which also facilitates the destruction of neurotransmitters thus reducing the time it is in the synapse

46
Q

Broca’s Theory

A

Left frontal region is crucial for the production of language

47
Q

Electroencephalogy

A

measure electrical activity in the brain

48
Q

Event-related potential (ERP)

A

provides information about the speed at which the brain processes events and their timing

49
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

a method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream
Negative: the patient needs to be injected with a radioactive substance

50
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

an imaging technique used to examine changes in activity of the working human brain by measuring changes in the blood oxygen’s level

51
Q

MRI

A

a method of brain imaging that uses a powerful magnetic field to produce high-quality images of the brain

52
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions
Can be used for only short amounts of time

53
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

the outer layer of the cerebral hemisphere and gives the brain its distinctive wrinkled appearance
Lateral fissure
Central fissure

54
Q

Frontal

function

A

thought, planning, movement

55
Q

prefrontal cortex

function

A

directing and maintaining attention
Indispensable for rational activity
Feel empathy, sense of self, feeling guilty, concerned with social functions

56
Q

Primary motor cortex

initiates

A

initiate complex voluntary movements

57
Q

Temporal

function

A

hearing, memory

58
Q

Primary auditory cortex

function

A

responsible for hearing

59
Q

Fusiform face area

A

intersection between the temporal lobe and occipital lobe
More active when people look at faces (recognition of people)

60
Q

Parietal

function

A

touch, spatial relations

61
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

groups nearby sensations
The left hemisphere receives touch information from the right side of the body
The right hemisphere receives touch information from the left side of the body

62
Q

Occipital

function

A

vision

63
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

major destination for visual information

64
Q

Corpus callosum

A

a massive bridge of millions of myelinated axons (white matter) connects the hemispheres and allows information to flow between them

65
Q

Split-brain

A

a condition that occurs when the corpus callosum is surgically cut and the two hemispheres of the brain do not receive information directly from each other
SEE OUTLINE FOR MORE INFO

66
Q

Insula

location

A

Insula lies deep within the lateral fissure

67
Q

Subcortical structures

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and amygdala

68
Q

Insula

A

Houses primary gustatory cortex
Sense of taste, perceiving disgust
Aware of bodily states (emotions)
Experience pain, feeling empathy for other people’s pain

69
Q

Thalamus

A

Gateway to the cortex
Receives almost all incoming sensory information, organizes it, and relays it to the cortex
Only exception is the sense of smell (has a direct route to the cortex)
Partially shuts the gates when sleeping to allow the brain to rest

70
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Brains main regulatory structure
Indispensable to an organism’s survival
Receives input from and projects its influence to almost everywhere on the body and brain
Affects internal organs (regulating body temperature, body rhythms, blood pressure, blood glucose level) (Homeostasis)
Thirst, hunger, sexual desire all regulated

71
Q

Hippocampus

A

Formation of new memories
How we remember the arrangements of places and objects in space

72
Q

Amygdala

A

Learning about biologically relevant stimuli
Responding to stimuli that elicit fear
Evaluating a facial expression emotional significance
Intensifies the function of memory during times of emotional arousal

73
Q

Basal Ganglia

crucial for?

A

System of subcortical structures crucial for planning and producing movement
Receive input from the entire cerebral cortex
Send these inputs to the motor centers of the brain

74
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Carry sensory information up to the brain and carry motor signals from the brain to the body parts below to initiate action

75
Q

Brain Stem

A

Extension of the spinal cord
Controls functions crucial to survival
Heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, urination, and orgasm
Houses the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain

76
Q

Cerebellum

A

A large convoluted protuberance at the back of the brainstem, it is essential for coordinated movement and balance
Motor learning and motor memory, operates unconsciously

77
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

Transmits sensory signals and motor signals to the CNS via nerves
Specialized receptors in the skin, muscle, and joints send this sensory information to the spinal cord which relays it to the brain
CNS sends signals to the SNS to muscles, joints, and skin to initiate, modulate or inhibit movement

78
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Regulates the body’s internal environment by by stimulating glands and by maintaining internal organs
Nerves in the ANS also carry somatosensory signals from the glands and internal organs to the CNS

79
Q

Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)

A

Prepares your body for action
Fight or flight response

80
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)

A

Returns the body to a resting state
Rest and digest

81
Q

Endocrine system

A

Communication network that uses hormones to influences thoughts, behavior, and actions
Slower at communication than the nervous system

82
Q

Hormones

A

chemical substances released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands such as the pancreas, thyroid, adrenal glands, and testes or ovaries

83
Q

Hypothalamus

function

A

controls motivation and regulates body function (primarily controls the endocrine system)

84
Q

Pituitary

A

controls release of hormones (located at the base of the hypothalamus)
Control center of the endocrine system

85
Q

Thyroid

controls

A

controls how body burns energy

86
Q

Parathyroid

function

A

controls calcium levels

87
Q

Thymus and Adrenal

A

governs immune system

88
Q

Pancreas

A

controls digestion

89
Q

Plasticity

A

the ability to change in response to experience or injury
Decreases with age
Social environment and stress can highly affect brain plasticity

90
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Production of new neurons

91
Q

Gene expression

A

whether a particular gene is turned on or off
Allows us to sense, learn, and fall in love

92
Q

Dominant Gene

A

gene that is expressed whenever it is present

93
Q

Recessive Gene

A

gene that is only expressed when matched with the same recessive gene

94
Q

Genotype

A

organism’s genetic makeup

95
Q

Phenotype

A

organism’s observable characteristics and is always changing

96
Q

Polygenic

A

traits are influenced by many genes and environment

97
Q

Heredity

A

transmission of characteristics from parents to offsprings through genes

psyh 101 (5 decks)

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