Chapter One Flashcards
5 areas to improve life of children
Health&well being, parenting, education, sociocultural context, diversity
Sources of resilience
Individual - good intellectual function , sociable, easy going, faith
Family- close relationships to caring parent figures , authoritative: warmth, structure, high expectations
Extra familiar - bonds to caring adults outside the family, connection to positive organizations
Biological process of development
Changed in individuals body(weight, brain, motor skills, hormonal changes)
Cognitive process of development
Changes in thinking intelligence and language skills
Socioemotional processes of development
Changes in an individuals interpersonal relationships, emotions and personality
What is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory
- Microsystem: relations between child and immediate environment
- Mesosystem: connections among immediate settings
- Exosystem: social settings that affect but do not contain the child
- Macrosystem: values, laws, customs, resources of culture
- Chronosystem: dynamic, ever-changing nature of person’s environment
Freud’s theory of Development included:
Believed in the importance of early experience
* Five stages of psychosexual development
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency stage
Genital stage
who Discovered Classical Conditioning?
Pavlov (Pavlov’s Dog)
What is Piagets theory of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage: Birth to 2 years
Preoperational Stage: 2 to 7 years
Concrete Operational Stage: 7 to 11 years
Formal Operational Stage: 11 years and older
Piaget’s theory emphasizes the idea that children actively construct their understanding of the world through interaction with their environment and that cognitive development involves qualitative shifts in thinking as individuals progress through these stages.
What is Erik Erickson’s Theory of psychosocial Development?
Psychosocial stages
According to Erikson, individuals go through a series of psychosocial stages, and at each stage, there is a specific developmental task or crisis that must be successfully navigated for healthy psychological development. The psychosocial stages cover the entire lifespan, from infancy to old age, and each stage is associated with a particular psychosocial challenge that individuals must resolve to move on to the next stage of development.
- Development is motivated by our social needs
- Life-span development
What is Vygotsky’s Theory of socioculture development
Growth depends on cultural and social interaction
* Help needed from more advanced peers and adults
emphasized the role of social and cultural factors in cognitive development. According to his theory, individuals learn and develop through their interactions with more knowledgeable peers and adults, who provide support and guidance. Vygotsky introduced the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD), which is the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with assistance. He believed that the most effective learning occurs within this zone, with the help of more knowledgeable individuals scaffolding the learner’s understanding and skills.
Describe Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
operant conditioning, which he also referred to as “radical behaviorism,” focused on how behavior is shaped by its consequences. In operant conditioning, behavior is strengthened or weakened based on the consequences that follow it. Skinner’s research involved experiments with animals, particularly pigeons and rats, to investigate the principles of operant conditioning.
Turing & Information Processing
his work on computation and the concept of a Turing machine laid the groundwork for viewing the mind as a system that processes information in a manner analogous to a computer.
Describe Bandura’s Work
The addition of social cognition to operant conditioning is associated with the work of Albert Bandura, a Canadian-American psychologist. Bandura’s social cognitive theory incorporates the role of observational learning, imitation, and modeling in the acquisition and modification of behavior. While operant conditioning traditionally focuses on the consequences of an individual’s actions, Bandura expanded this perspective by highlighting the importance of social factors, such as observing others and the cognitive processes involved in learning from those observations. His famous Bobo doll experiments demonstrated how children learn aggressive behaviors through observation and imitation of adults.
Ages of Freud’s Stages
Oral Stage: Birth to 1.5 years - During this stage, the primary focus is on oral pleasures, such as sucking and tasting.
Anal Stage: 1.5 to 3 years - The focus during this stage is on bowel and bladder elimination, and children begin to experience the pleasure of controlling these bodily functions.
Phallic Stage: 3 to 6 years - This stage centers on the genitals, and children become more aware of their bodies and develop unconscious sexual feelings, often directed toward the opposite-sex parent (Oedipus complex or Electra complex).
Latency Stage: 6 years to puberty - During this stage, sexual feelings are largely suppressed, and children focus on developing social and intellectual skills.
Genital Stage: Puberty and beyond - The final stage is marked by the reawakening of sexual interests and the development of mature sexual relationships.
Three important cognitive theories are:
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Proposed by Jean Piaget, this theory focuses on the stages of cognitive development in children. Piaget identified distinct stages, including the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages, each characterized by different cognitive abilities and ways of thinking.
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory: Lev Vygotsky’s theory emphasizes the role of social and cultural factors in cognitive development. He introduced the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD), which highlights the range of tasks that a learner can perform with assistance. Vygotsky believed that social interaction and cultural context play a crucial role in shaping cognitive abilities.
Information Processing Theory: This theory views the mind as a processor of information, akin to a computer. It focuses on how individuals acquire, store, process, and retrieve information. This approach examines cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and problem-solving, considering them as processes similar to those in a computer system. Cognitive psychologists like George Miller and Ulric Neisser contributed to the development of this theory.
Describe Cross-sectional approach
Observe people of different ages (or cohorts) at one point in time
Cross-sectional studies are useful for providing a snapshot of a population at a particular point in time and for identifying patterns or differences among age groups. However, because this design does not involve following individuals over time, it does not provide information about how variables change within individuals as they age (longitudinal changes).
Describe Longitudinal Approach
where researchers follow the same individuals or cohorts over an extended period to investigate changes and developments over time.
What is a cohort Effect
Effects due to a person’s time of birth, era or generation but not to actual age
Millenials
after 1980, ethnic diversity & connected to technology
