Chapter 4/5 Flashcards
what is perception
process by which we categorize and interpret input
what is Intermodal perception
recognize an object using different sensory modality
Describe Kagan’s research on Inhibited Temperment
Kagan’s research on inhibited temperament is associated with high levels of physiological arousal. Inhibited temperament refers to a temperament style in which infants or children react to unfamiliar people, objects, or situations with restraint, shyness, or avoidance. According to Kagan, these children tend to have higher heart rates, increased cortisol levels (a stress hormone), and heightened activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain when faced with novel stimuli.
What does phenotype refer to?
Phenotype refers to an individual’s observable traits, such as height, eye color and blood type. A person’s phenotype is determined by both their genomic makeup (genotype) and environmental factors.
Alcohol during pregnancy has what affect?
below-average intelligence, a heart defect, and facial deformities.
cephalocaudal pattern
the sequence in which the fastest growth always occurs at the top - the head. Physical growth in size, weight and feature differentiation gradually works its way down from the top to bottom. The same pattern occurs in the head area - top parts of the head to the lower parts such as the jaw
Proximodistal pattern
Growth sequence that starts at the center of the body and moves towards the extremities. For eg. muscle control of the trunk and arms matures before control of the hands and fingers. Infants use their whole hand as a unit before they can control fingers.
Precocious puberty
term used to describe the very early onset and rapid progression of puberty. Diagnosed when puberty occurs before 8 years of age in girls and 9 in boys
Explain the early onset of menarche and puberty correlation
Some environmental factors such as stress, abuse, maternal harshness, father absence, adoption and low socioeconomic status are associated with earlier puberty and menarche
menarche
first mentstruation
Hormones
powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream
androgens
The main class of male sex hormones
testosterone
an androgen that is a key hormone in boy’s pubertal development
estradiol
an estrogen that is a key hormone in girls pubertal development
What are the characteristic changes associated with puberty in males
increase in penis and testicle size, appearance of straight pubic hair, voice change, first ejaculation, curly pubic hair, body growth, growth of armpit hair, voice changes, facial hair
What are the characteristic changes associated with puberty in females
breasts enlarge, pubic hair appears, hair in the armpits, height, hips become wider than shoulders, menarche, cycles start highly irregular
Non physical changes with puberty
body image /body awareness
Nature vs nurture epigentics
in the epigenetic view, development is an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment
neuroconstructivist view
a) biological processes (genes for example) and environmental conditions (enriched vs impoverished for example) influence the brains development
b) the brain has plasticity and is context dependent
c) Development of the brain is closely linked with the child’s cognitive development
This view emphasizes the importance of considering interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain’s development
Frontal lobes
voluntary movement, thinking, personality and intentionality or purpose (front of brain - ventral)
Occipital lobes
vision - dorsal part of brain
Temporal lobes
hearing, language processing, memory - above ears
Parietal lobes
spatial location, direct attention, motor control (Top middle of brain)
Neurons
axon sends electrical signals up the neuron, at the terminal chemicals called neurotransmitters are released into synapses sending a message to the next neuron
laterization
specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other
myelination
the process of encasing axons with a myelin sheath that increases the speed of processing information
Brain growth in first 2 years
At birth the baby’s brain is 25% of the weight of an adult brain, by 2 it’s 75% of the weight of an adult brain. Myelination is one of the main changes as well as connections between dendrites
prefrontal cortex
“judgement region” reins in intense emotions but doesn’t finish developing until at least emerging adulthood
corpus callosum
nerve fibres connect the brain’s two hemispheres; they thicken in adolescence to process information more effectively
Amygdala
the seat of emotions such as anger, this area develops quickly before other regions that help to control it
REM sleep
rapid eye movement sleep. 1/2 of an infants sleep is REM, infancy has the greatest amount of REM sleep
Growth in infancy
birth to 1 year - humans nearly triple their weight and increase their length by 50%
most common vegetable
french fries :( :(
What are some of the benefits of breastfeeding
fewer gastrointestinal infections, lower respiratory tract infections, less likely to have middle ear infection, less likely to become overweight and obese, less likely to develop type 1 or 2 diabetes, less likely to experience SIDS
marasmus
severe malnutrition caused by insufficient protein-calorie intake resulting in shrunken, elderly appearance
kwashiorkor
Severe malnutrition caused by protein deficient diet, causing the feet and abdomen to swell with water
dynamic systems theory
Proposed by Esther Thelen - seeks to explain how motor behaviours are assembled for perceiving and acting
reflexes
built in reactions to stimuli
rooting reflex
a newborn’s built in reaction that occurs when the infant’s cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched. The infant turns its head towards the side that was touched in an apparent effort to find something to suck
sucking reflex
newborn’s built in reaction of automatically sucking an object placed in its mouth. Enables the infant to get nourishment before it has associated a nipple with food
moro reflex
a neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden intense noise or movement. newborn arches its back, throws its head back and flings out its arms and legs, then rapidly closes arms and legs to centre of body
Gross motor skills
motor skills that involve large muscle activities, such as moving one’s arms and walking
First year movement milestones
Lift head, chest up - use arms for support, roll over, support some weight with legs, sit without support, stand without support, pull self to stand, walk using furniture, stand alone easily, walk alone easily
Second year movement milestones
pull a toy with a string, climb steps, run, squat balance, walk backward, kick a ball, throw a ball, jump
Fine motor skills
motor skills that involve more finely tuned movements such as finger dexterity
palmer grip
first grasping ability by infants - grabbing with the whole hand
pincer grip
towards end of first year, can grip with forefinger and thumb
sensation
information interacts with sensory receptors, eyes, ears, tongues, nostrils, skin
perception
the interpretation of the sensation (happens in the brain)
ecological view
proposed by Gibsons, people directly perceive information in the world around them. Perception brings people in contact with the environment so that they can interact with and adapt to it
affordances
opportunities for interaction offered by objects that are necessary to perform activities - a pot for cooking for an adult or for banging for a child
visual perception method
a method developed by Fantz to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measure the length of time they attend to different stimuli. Infants preferred patterns and complex stimuli
habituation
decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus
dishabituation
recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
eye tracking gear
looking time is among the most important measures of infant perceptual and cognitive development
visual acuity
for an infant it’s estimated their vision is 20/240 by 6 months estimated as 20/40
size constancy
an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes , emerges at even 3 months but continues to develop till 10-11
shape constancy
Recognition that an object remains the same even though its orientation to the viewer changes
intermodal perception
the ability to relate and integrate information about 2 or more sensory modalities such as vision and hearing
Discuss perceptual motor coupling
Esther Thelen’s dynamic systems approach is to explore how people assemble motor behaviours for perceiving and acting
Ecological approach of gibson is to discover how perception guides action
Action can guide perception and perception can guide action. Perception and action are coupled
Babies continually coordinate movements with perceptual information..to learn how to maintain balance, reach for objects in space and move across various surfaces and terrains. they are motivated by what they perceive…the toy across the room… must perceive their bodies and learn how to use their limbs to reach the toy. babies learn to select patters appropriate for reaching their goals
Children perceive in order to move and move in order to perceive . They are coupled
