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Developmental Psych > Chapter 4/5 > Flashcards

Chapter 4/5 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is perception

A

process by which we categorize and interpret input

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2
Q

what is Intermodal perception

A

recognize an object using different sensory modality

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3
Q

Describe Kagan’s research on Inhibited Temperment

A

Kagan’s research on inhibited temperament is associated with high levels of physiological arousal. Inhibited temperament refers to a temperament style in which infants or children react to unfamiliar people, objects, or situations with restraint, shyness, or avoidance. According to Kagan, these children tend to have higher heart rates, increased cortisol levels (a stress hormone), and heightened activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain when faced with novel stimuli.

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4
Q

What does phenotype refer to?

A

Phenotype refers to an individual’s observable traits, such as height, eye color and blood type. A person’s phenotype is determined by both their genomic makeup (genotype) and environmental factors.

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5
Q

Alcohol during pregnancy has what affect?

A

below-average intelligence, a heart defect, and facial deformities.

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6
Q

cephalocaudal pattern

A

the sequence in which the fastest growth always occurs at the top - the head. Physical growth in size, weight and feature differentiation gradually works its way down from the top to bottom. The same pattern occurs in the head area - top parts of the head to the lower parts such as the jaw

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7
Q

Proximodistal pattern

A

Growth sequence that starts at the center of the body and moves towards the extremities. For eg. muscle control of the trunk and arms matures before control of the hands and fingers. Infants use their whole hand as a unit before they can control fingers.

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8
Q

Precocious puberty

A

term used to describe the very early onset and rapid progression of puberty. Diagnosed when puberty occurs before 8 years of age in girls and 9 in boys

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9
Q

Explain the early onset of menarche and puberty correlation

A

Some environmental factors such as stress, abuse, maternal harshness, father absence, adoption and low socioeconomic status are associated with earlier puberty and menarche

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10
Q

menarche

A

first mentstruation

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11
Q

Hormones

A

powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream

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12
Q

androgens

A

The main class of male sex hormones

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13
Q

testosterone

A

an androgen that is a key hormone in boy’s pubertal development

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14
Q

estradiol

A

an estrogen that is a key hormone in girls pubertal development

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15
Q

What are the characteristic changes associated with puberty in males

A

increase in penis and testicle size, appearance of straight pubic hair, voice change, first ejaculation, curly pubic hair, body growth, growth of armpit hair, voice changes, facial hair

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16
Q

What are the characteristic changes associated with puberty in females

A

breasts enlarge, pubic hair appears, hair in the armpits, height, hips become wider than shoulders, menarche, cycles start highly irregular

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17
Q

Non physical changes with puberty

A

body image /body awareness

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18
Q

Nature vs nurture epigentics

A

in the epigenetic view, development is an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment

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19
Q

neuroconstructivist view

A

a) biological processes (genes for example) and environmental conditions (enriched vs impoverished for example) influence the brains development

b) the brain has plasticity and is context dependent

c) Development of the brain is closely linked with the child’s cognitive development

This view emphasizes the importance of considering interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain’s development

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20
Q

Frontal lobes

A

voluntary movement, thinking, personality and intentionality or purpose (front of brain - ventral)

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21
Q

Occipital lobes

A

vision - dorsal part of brain

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22
Q

Temporal lobes

A

hearing, language processing, memory - above ears

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23
Q

Parietal lobes

A

spatial location, direct attention, motor control (Top middle of brain)

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24
Q

Neurons

A

axon sends electrical signals up the neuron, at the terminal chemicals called neurotransmitters are released into synapses sending a message to the next neuron

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25
Q

laterization

A

specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other

26
Q

myelination

A

the process of encasing axons with a myelin sheath that increases the speed of processing information

27
Q

Brain growth in first 2 years

A

At birth the baby’s brain is 25% of the weight of an adult brain, by 2 it’s 75% of the weight of an adult brain. Myelination is one of the main changes as well as connections between dendrites

28
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

“judgement region” reins in intense emotions but doesn’t finish developing until at least emerging adulthood

29
Q

corpus callosum

A

nerve fibres connect the brain’s two hemispheres; they thicken in adolescence to process information more effectively

30
Q

Amygdala

A

the seat of emotions such as anger, this area develops quickly before other regions that help to control it

31
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep. 1/2 of an infants sleep is REM, infancy has the greatest amount of REM sleep

32
Q

Growth in infancy

A

birth to 1 year - humans nearly triple their weight and increase their length by 50%

33
Q

most common vegetable

A

french fries :( :(

34
Q

What are some of the benefits of breastfeeding

A

fewer gastrointestinal infections, lower respiratory tract infections, less likely to have middle ear infection, less likely to become overweight and obese, less likely to develop type 1 or 2 diabetes, less likely to experience SIDS

35
Q

marasmus

A

severe malnutrition caused by insufficient protein-calorie intake resulting in shrunken, elderly appearance

36
Q

kwashiorkor

A

Severe malnutrition caused by protein deficient diet, causing the feet and abdomen to swell with water

37
Q

dynamic systems theory

A

Proposed by Esther Thelen - seeks to explain how motor behaviours are assembled for perceiving and acting

38
Q

reflexes

A

built in reactions to stimuli

39
Q

rooting reflex

A

a newborn’s built in reaction that occurs when the infant’s cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched. The infant turns its head towards the side that was touched in an apparent effort to find something to suck

40
Q

sucking reflex

A

newborn’s built in reaction of automatically sucking an object placed in its mouth. Enables the infant to get nourishment before it has associated a nipple with food

41
Q

moro reflex

A

a neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden intense noise or movement. newborn arches its back, throws its head back and flings out its arms and legs, then rapidly closes arms and legs to centre of body

42
Q

Gross motor skills

A

motor skills that involve large muscle activities, such as moving one’s arms and walking

43
Q

First year movement milestones

A

Lift head, chest up - use arms for support, roll over, support some weight with legs, sit without support, stand without support, pull self to stand, walk using furniture, stand alone easily, walk alone easily

44
Q

Second year movement milestones

A

pull a toy with a string, climb steps, run, squat balance, walk backward, kick a ball, throw a ball, jump

45
Q

Fine motor skills

A

motor skills that involve more finely tuned movements such as finger dexterity

46
Q

palmer grip

A

first grasping ability by infants - grabbing with the whole hand

47
Q

pincer grip

A

towards end of first year, can grip with forefinger and thumb

48
Q

sensation

A

information interacts with sensory receptors, eyes, ears, tongues, nostrils, skin

49
Q

perception

A

the interpretation of the sensation (happens in the brain)

50
Q

ecological view

A

proposed by Gibsons, people directly perceive information in the world around them. Perception brings people in contact with the environment so that they can interact with and adapt to it

51
Q

affordances

A

opportunities for interaction offered by objects that are necessary to perform activities - a pot for cooking for an adult or for banging for a child

52
Q

visual perception method

A

a method developed by Fantz to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measure the length of time they attend to different stimuli. Infants preferred patterns and complex stimuli

53
Q

habituation

A

decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus

54
Q

dishabituation

A

recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation

55
Q

eye tracking gear

A

looking time is among the most important measures of infant perceptual and cognitive development

56
Q

visual acuity

A

for an infant it’s estimated their vision is 20/240 by 6 months estimated as 20/40

57
Q

size constancy

A

an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes , emerges at even 3 months but continues to develop till 10-11

58
Q

shape constancy

A

Recognition that an object remains the same even though its orientation to the viewer changes

59
Q

intermodal perception

A

the ability to relate and integrate information about 2 or more sensory modalities such as vision and hearing

60
Q

Discuss perceptual motor coupling

A

Esther Thelen’s dynamic systems approach is to explore how people assemble motor behaviours for perceiving and acting
Ecological approach of gibson is to discover how perception guides action

Action can guide perception and perception can guide action. Perception and action are coupled

Babies continually coordinate movements with perceptual information..to learn how to maintain balance, reach for objects in space and move across various surfaces and terrains. they are motivated by what they perceive…the toy across the room… must perceive their bodies and learn how to use their limbs to reach the toy. babies learn to select patters appropriate for reaching their goals

Children perceive in order to move and move in order to perceive . They are coupled

61
Q
A

Developmental Psych (8 decks)

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