chapter one

Question 1

teleology

Answer 1

the science or doctrine that explains the universe in terms of ends or final cause, why events happen

Question 2

mechanistic

Answer 2

explains phenomena of nature on principles of physical processes (sequence of events), how events happen

Question 3

physiology

Answer 3

study of mechanisms by which living organisms function

Question 4

intracellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 4

stuff inside the cell (cytoplasm)

Question 5

extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 5

buffer between cells and outside world (outside cells but inside body), external environment of the body

Question 6

what are the two compartments of the ECF?

Answer 6

interstitial fluid, blood plasma

Question 7

what is the role of the cell membrane regarding fluid compartments?

Answer 7

materials moving between cells and ECF must cross the cell membrane, separates cells from ECF

Question 8

homeostasis

Answer 8

maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

Question 9

homeostasis maintains…

Answer 9

concentration of nutrients, gases, wastes, water & salts, pH, temperature

Question 10

stability regarding homeostasis…

Answer 10

is the balance between inputs & outputs

Question 11

complete constancy regarding homeostasis…

Answer 11

is not maintained (body temperature fluctuates)

Question 12

mass balance =

Answer 12

existing body load + intake or metabolic production - excretion or metabolic removal

Question 13

control pathways

Answer 13

strive to maintain a near constant set point, molecular motion flucuates

Question 14

how is the set point affected in a negative feedback system?

Answer 14

changes move the variable back towards the initial set point

Question 15

set points

Answer 15

can be physiologically reset (raised or lowered), they can be changed

Question 16

why are variables ranked in a hierarchy?

Answer 16

because not everything can be homeostatically maintained at the same time

Question 17

pathophysiology

Answer 17

study of diseased conditions

Question 18

internal change

Answer 18

changes internally, haven’t eaten in 5 days means you lack nutrients coming in

Question 19

external change

Answer 19

changes outside the body, hot day/environment, walk into a cold room

Question 20

what are the two types of response?

Answer 20

local control & feedback (response) loops

Question 21

local control

Answer 21

stimulus & control occur within the same area, isolated changes within a tissue, no response loop is utilized

Question 22

local control example

Answer 22

slamming your finger in the door. stimulus and response at the finger

Question 23

feedback (response) loops

Answer 23

stimulus & response are not necessarily together, long distance communication & coordination

Question 24

feedback (response) loops example

Answer 24

sensor in brain trying to regulate body temp by sweating, stimulus in brain, response all over skin connected by nerves & hormones

Question 25

negative feedback loop

Answer 25

a regulatory mechanism in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change (sequence of events)

Question 26

positive feedback loop

Answer 26

a regulatory mechanism where a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that continues to drive the variable farther from the steady state, does not maintain homeostasis