Chapter Nine vocab

Question 1

Belief perseverance

Not letting go

Answer 1

Clinging to ones’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 2

mental state

worked in the past

Answer 2

A tendency to approach a problem in particular way often in a way that has been successful in the past

Question 3

language

communicate

Answer 3

our spoke, writen, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 4

aphasia

impairing lanuage

Answer 4

Impairment of lanuage usally caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing) speaking or to Wernickes’s area (impairing) understanding

Question 5

insight

sudden

Answer 5

A sudden realization of a problems solution. Corracts wot stray- based solutions.

Question 6

creativity

produce ideas

Answer 6

The ability to produce new and valuable ideas

Question 7

Conformation Bias

information you want

Answer 7

A tendency to search for information that supports out preconceptions and to ignore or disort contradictory edvidence

Question 8

Concept

Grouping

Answer 8

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Question 9

convergent thinking

one solution

Answer 9

narrowing the avaliable problem to determine the single best solutions

Question 10

Intutuion

automatic not prompted

Answer 10

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explixt conscious reasoning

Question 11

morpheme

carries meaning

Answer 11

in a lanuage, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word ( such as prefix)

Question 12

Fixation

point of view

Answer 12

In cognition the inablity to see a problem from a new persepective an obstacle to problem solving

Question 13

babbling stage

sounds

Answer 13

The stage in speech development beginning around 4 months old during which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds that are not related to the household language

Question 14

Framing

posted

Answer 14

They way an issue is posted how the issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Question 15

nudge

which way

Answer 15

framing chocies in a way that encourages people to make benifical decisions

Question 16

Metacognition

Knowing Knowledge

Answer 16

Cognition about our cognition; keeping track of and evauating our mental process

Question 17

divergent thinking

many solutions

Answer 17

Expanding the number of possuble problem solutions creative thinking that diverges in different directions

Question 18

Cognition

Mental Activites

Answer 18

All the mental activites associated with thinking, knowing, remebering, and communicating.

Question 19

telegraphic speech

nouns and verbs

Answer 19

The early speech stage in which a childs speaking like a telegrapm “go car” using mostly nouns and verbs

Question 20

Phoneme

sound

Answer 20

In a language, the smallest distncitive sound unit

Question 21

Overconfidence

Wrong more than right

Answer 21

The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgement

Question 22

Availabity heuristic

Vivid remberance

Answer 22

Judging the likelihood of evens base on avaibilty in memory; if instances come readily to mind ( perhaps because of their vividness) we presume such events are common.

Question 23

grammer

system of rules

Answer 23

In a lanuage a system of rules that enebles us to communicate with and understand others

Question 24

one-word speech

single

Answer 24

the stage in speech development from about 1-2 during a childs speaks mostly single words

Question 25

Algorithm

logical way

Answer 25

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that garantees solving a particular issue contrast with usally speediar but also more error- probe use of heurtistics

Question 26

Two- word speech

double

Answer 26

the stage in speech development from 2 during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements

Question 27

Prototype

Image of an example

Answer 27

A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a protoype provides quick and easy method for sorting items into catorigories ( as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a crow)

Question 28

linguistic determinism

whof

Answer 28

whof’s hypothesis that langauge determines the way we think

Question 29

linguistic relativism

language effects…

Answer 29

the idea that langauge influences the way we think

Question 30

Heuristic

Simple short cut

Answer 30

A simple thinking strategy a mental short cut that often allows us to make judgement and solve problems efficiently. Usally speedier but also more error- pone than an algorithm

Question 31

Representiveness heuristic

represent

Answer 31

judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match paricular prototypes: may lead us to ignore other relevent information.