Chapter Nine vocab Flashcards
Belief perseverance
Not letting go
Clinging to ones’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
mental state
worked in the past
A tendency to approach a problem in particular way often in a way that has been successful in the past
language
communicate
our spoke, writen, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
aphasia
impairing lanuage
Impairment of lanuage usally caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing) speaking or to Wernickes’s area (impairing) understanding
insight
sudden
A sudden realization of a problems solution. Corracts wot stray- based solutions.
creativity
produce ideas
The ability to produce new and valuable ideas
Conformation Bias
information you want
A tendency to search for information that supports out preconceptions and to ignore or disort contradictory edvidence
Concept
Grouping
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
convergent thinking
one solution
narrowing the avaliable problem to determine the single best solutions
Intutuion
automatic not prompted
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explixt conscious reasoning
morpheme
carries meaning
in a lanuage, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word ( such as prefix)
Fixation
point of view
In cognition the inablity to see a problem from a new persepective an obstacle to problem solving
babbling stage
sounds
The stage in speech development beginning around 4 months old during which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds that are not related to the household language
Framing
posted
They way an issue is posted how the issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
nudge
which way
framing chocies in a way that encourages people to make benifical decisions
Metacognition
Knowing Knowledge
Cognition about our cognition; keeping track of and evauating our mental process
divergent thinking
many solutions
Expanding the number of possuble problem solutions creative thinking that diverges in different directions
Cognition
Mental Activites
All the mental activites associated with thinking, knowing, remebering, and communicating.
telegraphic speech
nouns and verbs
The early speech stage in which a childs speaking like a telegrapm “go car” using mostly nouns and verbs
Phoneme
sound
In a language, the smallest distncitive sound unit
Overconfidence
Wrong more than right
The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgement
Availabity heuristic
Vivid remberance
Judging the likelihood of evens base on avaibilty in memory; if instances come readily to mind ( perhaps because of their vividness) we presume such events are common.
grammer
system of rules
In a lanuage a system of rules that enebles us to communicate with and understand others
one-word speech
single
the stage in speech development from about 1-2 during a childs speaks mostly single words
Algorithm
logical way
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that garantees solving a particular issue contrast with usally speediar but also more error- probe use of heurtistics
Two- word speech
double
the stage in speech development from 2 during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
Prototype
Image of an example
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a protoype provides quick and easy method for sorting items into catorigories ( as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a crow)
linguistic determinism
whof
whof’s hypothesis that langauge determines the way we think
linguistic relativism
language effects…
the idea that langauge influences the way we think
Heuristic
Simple short cut
A simple thinking strategy a mental short cut that often allows us to make judgement and solve problems efficiently. Usally speedier but also more error- pone than an algorithm
Representiveness heuristic
represent
judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match paricular prototypes: may lead us to ignore other relevent information.
