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Pathophysiology > Chapter Four - Altered Cellular And Tissue Biology Class Notes > Flashcards

Chapter Four - Altered Cellular And Tissue Biology Class Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular injury occurs

A

If cell is unable to maintain homeostasis
-reversible = cell recovers
-irreversible = cell dies

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2
Q

Atrophy

A

Dec in cellular size

Physio- occurs in early development, thymus gland during childhood
Patho-occurs with dec in stimulation and use, such as aging

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3
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cellular size in response to mechanical stimuli

Physio- heart and skeletal muscles
Patho- associated with structural and functional changes,

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4
Q

hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

Physio- response to injury
Patho-

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5
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of one type of cell with another
-chronic injury or irritation
-reversible replacement

-after/behind

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6
Q

Dysplasia

A

Deranged cellular growth
-persistent severe injury or irritation
-usually found in epithelial tissue of cervix and respiratory tract

-bad

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7
Q

Hypoxic injury

A

Most common cause of cellular injury

-lack of sufficient oxygen within cells
-loss of hemoglobin
-decreased production of RBC
-R and CV disease
-poisoning of oxidative enzymes

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8
Q

Disuse atrophy

A

Immobilized in bed for prolonged period of time causing skeletal atrophy

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9
Q

Mechanisms of atrophy

A

-decreased protein synthesis
-inc protein catabolism

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10
Q

Autophagy

A

Atrophy resulting from chronic malnutrition
-self eating process creating autophagic vacuoles

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11
Q

Compensatory hyperplasia

A

Adaptive mechanism, enabling certain organs to regenerate

-removal of part of liver, begin to compensate for loss (removal of 70% of liver, regeneration is complete in two weeks)

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12
Q

Hormonal hyperplasia

A

Occurs in chiefly estrogen dependant organs
-uterus and breast
-estrogen stimulates endometrium to growth and thicken

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13
Q

Pathological hyperplasia

A

Abnormal proliferation
-pathological endometrial hyperplasia, causing excessive menstraul bleeding

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14
Q

Ischemia

A

Inadequate blood supply
-most common cause of hypoxia

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15
Q

Reduced O2 to mitochondria

A

-reduced production of ATP = reduction of cellular energy

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16
Q

Ischemia reperfusion injury

A

Additional injury caused by restoration of boood flow and oxygen

-oxidative stress, inc IC calcium, inflammation

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17
Q

Cellular response to ischemia

A

-decrease in ATP

-Causing failure of sodium potassium pump and sodium calcium exchange

-cellular swelling and shrinking

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18
Q

Free radicals

A

Missing an electron and will attack healthy atom to obtain a replacement electron
-highly reactive + risk of chain reaction

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19
Q

common causes of ischemia injury

A

Gradual narrowing of arteries, or completely blockage by blood clots

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20
Q

Oxidative stress (ischemia repperfusion injury)

A

(·OH), (·O2-), (H2O2)
-not producing enough antioxidants to break down current free radicals

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21
Q

Inflammation

A

Ischemia injury inc inflammation because resident immmune cells release danger signals from cytokines when cells die

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22
Q

How do free radicals develop

A

Within cells, first by reduction oxidation in normal metabolic processes
-natural byproduct of metabolism

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23
Q

Oxidative stress

A

Not producing enough antioxidants to break down current free radicals
-major role in chronic and degenerative ailments

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24
Q

Too many free radicals =

A

Oxidative stress and damage to cells

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25
Q

We’re okay if we have enough

A

Antioxidants to fix free radicals

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26
Q

How do antioxidants work

A

Neutralize free radicals
-have an atom to give away and balance them out

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27
Q

inc accumulation of H+ in mitochondria =

A

breakdown of membrane = inc in IC H+ = loss of mem potential = NECROSIS

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28
Q

Hypoxic injury

A
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29
Q

Reactive oxygen species

A

Healthy atoms that have lost an atom due to a free radical

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30
Q

Free radicals and reactive oxygen species

A

Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having unpaired electron

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31
Q

ROS

A

Subset of free radicals that contain oxygen

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32
Q

Three things free radicals cause

A
  1. Lipid per oxidation (free radicals attack lipids, like membrane)
  2. Alteration of proteins (desaturation)
  3. Alteration of DNA (mutation)
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33
Q

Xenobiotic

A

Substance foreign to the body

34
Q

Lead

A

Most common overexposure found in industry
-houses with older pain = Pb dust = inhaled

-BBB in fetus is immature and vulnerable to lead poisoning

35
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

Odourless, colourless, non irritating

-causes Hypoxic injury due to oxygen deprivation = CO attaches to RBC with higher affinity than O2

36
Q

Ethanol (alcohol)

A

-liver damage
-nutritional deficiencies (magnesium, VB6)
-absorbed in stomach, then distributed to body tissues and fluids

37
Q

J shaped effect of alcohol consumption

A

-light to moderate drinks = lower mortality than non drinkers

-heavy drinkers = high mortality

38
Q

Mechanism for light to moderate drinkers

A

-decreased LDL levels
-Dec BP
-decreased atherosclerosis

39
Q

Mercury

A

Recognized as a global threat to human and environmental health

40
Q

Over the counter and prescribed medications

A

-chemical injury is a major limitation to medication therapy
-leading cause of child poisonings

41
Q

Direct damage of the medications to cell (on target toxicity)

A

Chemicals and medications injure cells by combining directly with critical molecular substances
-chemotherapeutic medications

42
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions

A

Range from mild skin rashes to immune mediated organ failure

43
Q

Asphyxiation

A

Failure of cells to receive or use oxygen

44
Q

Suffocation

A

Systemic hypoxia
-no air exchange

45
Q

Strangulation

A

Compression
-closure of airway
-causing cerebral hypoxia

46
Q

Drowning

A

Fluid fills lungs
-no oxygen exchange
-fluid can pass thru alveolar/capillary interface = massive fluid and electrolyte changes in blood

47
Q

Chemical asphyxiation

A

Prevention of oxygen delivery to cells or its utilization

48
Q

Carbon monoxide binds to

A

Hb in same positions as oxygen

49
Q

Treatment for carbon monoxide

A

Hyperbaric chamber

50
Q

Cyanide

A

Blocks utilization of oxygen at electron transport chain, which leads to cardiac arrest

51
Q

Jones town

A

Cult members forced to drink cyanide laced fluid
-900 people died

52
Q

Contusion

A

Crushing injury to muscle
-mild, causes bruising

53
Q

Laceration

A

Irregular cut from tearing
-irregular edges

54
Q

Incision

A

Sharp strait wound

55
Q

Fracture

A

Broken or shattered bones

56
Q

Incised wound

A

Wound is longer than it is deep

57
Q

Stab wound

A

Wound deeper than it is long

58
Q

Puncture wound

A

Sharp point but not sharp edges

59
Q

Infectious injury

A

Invasion of a pathogen
-bacterium, virus or other microorganism
-disease producing potential

60
Q

What are the disease producing potentials of pathogen

A

-invasion and destruction
-toxin production
-production of hyper immune reactions

61
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell death that occurs as normal controlled part of an organisms growth and development
-orderly, broken into sections, taken by immune system

62
Q

Autophagy

A

Consumption of a cells own contents for fuel to oppose starvation and certain diseases

63
Q

Necrosis

A

Swelling and bursting of cell membrane
-due to disease, injury, failure of blood supply
-cellular level

64
Q

Coagulation necrosis (kidney and heart) is caused by

A

Ischemia or infarction
-obstruction of blood supply causing death of cell

65
Q

Ischemic cells can be revived if

A

Oxygen supplied within twenty minutes

66
Q

Coagulation is the result of

A

Protein desaturation

67
Q

Caseous necrosis (lungs)

A

Dead tissue resemble clumped cheese (soft and granular)

68
Q

Caseous necrosis caused by

A

Tuberculosis

69
Q

Danger of caseous

A

Dead cells enveloped by other cells
-increased mall = Dec lung space

70
Q

Liquefactive necrosis (brain)

A

Ischemic injury to neurons and glia cells
-transforms tissue into liquid causes infarction

71
Q

Liquefactive necrosis is caused by

A

Strep. Or E.coli

72
Q

Infarction

A

Blockage of blood supply causing death of cell

73
Q

Fatty necrosis (breasts and abdominal organs)

A

Action of lipases
-usually harmless, often left alone and let body absorb it

74
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A

Severe Hypoxic injury often to major arteries in lower leg
-becomes medium for bacterial growth (anaerobic)

75
Q

Gas gangrene

A

Due to clostridium (anaerobic bacteria)
-produces gas
-fatal if it enters blood and dismisses oxygen carrying capacity of RBC

76
Q

Oncosis

A

Cell death due to swelling

77
Q

Process of oncosis (diagram)

A
78
Q

Cellular aging

A

Atrophy, decreased function and loss of cells

79
Q

Tissue and systemic aging

A

Progressive stiffness and rigidity
-sarcopenia

80
Q

Sarcopenia

A

Progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength
Sarco= flesh
Penia = decreased

81
Q

Frailty

A

Mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor activity, cognition, nutrition, endurance, falls, fractures and bone density

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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