Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology > Chapter 14 - Pain And Temperature > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Pain And Temperature Flashcards

(102 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Pain

A

Dysfunctions of general or specific senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pain is unpleasant but

A

A protective phenomenon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pain cannot be

A

Defined, identified or measured by an observer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pain is complex

A

Interactions between physical, cognitive, emotional etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

McCaffery defined pain as

A

Whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever they say it does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Temperature

A

Like pain, variations in temperature can signal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fever

A

A common an infestation of dysfunction
-often first symptom of infectious or inflammatory conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Specificity theory of pain: what activates specific pain receptors to the brain?

A

Injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Specificity theory of pain: intensity is related to

A

Tissue injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Specificity theory of pain: pricking finger vs cutting hand with knife

A

Pricking finger = minimal pain

Cutting hand with knife = more pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Specificity theory of pain: problem with this theory

A

It does not account for persistent, emotional pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

gate control theory of pain

A

Combines and builds upon theories to explain multidimensional aspects of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

gate control theory of pain: pain transmission

A

Is altered by a balance of signals sent to spinal cord where cells work as a gate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

gate control theory of pain: spinal gate controls

A

Pain transmission to higher centers in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neuromatrix theory of pain:

A

Brain produces patterns of nerve impulses drawn from various inputs
-including: genetic, psychological and cognitive experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neuromatrix theory of pain: phantom limb

A

Believes that pain can be felt without experiencing them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Neuromatrix theory of pain: does stimuli produce pain?

A

Stimuli may trigger the patterns but does not produce them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Three portions of nervous system responsible for pain perception, sensation and response

A
  1. Afferent pathway
  2. Interpretive centers (CNS)
  3. Efferent pathways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nociception

A

Processing of harmful (noxious) stimuli through nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nociceptors are ___ nerve endings found in

A

-free
-afferent PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Two types of nociceptors

A

A delta, C fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A delta fibres

A

Large and myelinated
-access large tracts in spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

C fibres

A

Smaller and unmyelinated
-access smaller tracts in spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fast sharp pain is what type of fiber

A

A delta fibres
-usually perceived first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Dull throbbing pain
C fibres -followed by a dull throbbing pain
26
Transduction
Activation of nociceptors
27
Transmission
Conduction to dorsal horn and up spinal cord q
28
Sensory discriminative system
Identifies presence, location, and intensity
29
Sensory discriminative system is found
Somatosensory cortex
30
Motivation affective system
Determines avoidance and emotional responses
31
Motivation affective system is found
Reticular formation-> limbic system
32
Cognitive evaluative system
Learned pain experience
33
Cognitive evaluative system can therefore…
Modulate perception of pain
34
Transducer
Device that converts variations into electrical signal
35
Slow pain travels toward
-brain stem reticular formation -thalamus -somatosensory cortex
36
Fast pain travels
-thalamus -somatosensory cortex
37
Pain perception
Conscious awareness of pain
38
Pain perception takes place in
-reticular and limbic system
39
Pain threshold
Lowest intensities of pain that a person can recognize
40
Pain tolerance
Highest intensity of pain a person can endure -varies -generally decreases with repeated exposure
41
perceptual dominance
Intense pain at one location may increase threshold in another location Example: stubbed your toe, then someone punches your face, you will feel your jaw>the toe
42
Pain modulation
Different mechanisms act to increase or decrease pain transmission through nervous system
43
Peripheral triggering mechanism can Initiate excitatory neurotransmitters include
Tissue injury and chronic inflammation
44
Excitatory neurotransmitters
-substance P -glutamate -histamine -prostaglandins
45
Function of excitatory neurotransmitters
Reduce nociceptors activation threshold = increased responsiveness of nociceptors
46
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
-opioids -GABA -cannabinoids -serotonin -norepinephrine
47
Inhibitory neurotransmitters function
Inhibit/reduce transmission of pain signal
48
Descending pathway and endorphins response
Transmitted from brain to inhibit pain signal -combination of endogenous and morphine
49
Opiate receptors are ___ receptors for endorphins which are …
G proteins coupled receptors for endorphins which are opioid neuropeptides
50
Morphine like neuropeptides bind with
Opioids receptors throughout body to inhibit pain impulses in peripheral, spinal cord and brain
51
Morphine like neuropeptides are responsible for
Sensations of wellbeing
52
Cannabinoids
-cannabis—> resin containing cannabinoids -analgesic
53
Drawbacks of cannabinoids
Psychoactive and addictive properties
54
When was cannabis legalized in Canada
2020
55
Endocannabinoids
Synthesized in body form phospholipids -modulates pain
56
Alcohol pain reduction
-depressing CNS -slows down brain and ns -certain amount of pain relief
57
1200 to 1500 England: Dwale
Alcohol based, bile, opium, lettuce, hemlock (toxic plant) and vinegar
58
what was used in 1200 to 1500 as anesthetic
Dwale
59
1840 what was created for pain relief
Ether
60
1846 pain relief milestone
The first pain free surgery performed in amphitheater of massachusetts GH
61
Acute pain is otherwise known as
Nociceptors pain
62
Acute pain
-protective mechanism to alert of harmful condition -mobilizes person to relieve it -lasts min/weeks
63
acute pain arises from three areas
1. Somatic 2.visceral 3. Referred
64
Acute somatic pain
-skin, joints, muscles, very localized -sharp (A) and dull (C) -well localized
65
Acute visceral pain
Internal organs and lining of body cavities -poorly localized -aching throbbing quality to pain - C fibres
66
Acute referred pain
Distant from point of origin -both cutaneous and visceral receptors converge on ascending neuron —> brain cannot distinguish the two -since skin has more receptors, pain is often referred to a skin area
67
Persistent pain is also known as
Intractable pain
68
Persistent pain
More than 3-6 months -no purpose/misunderstood Example: ongoing back pain, or intermittent migraines
69
Studies with persistent pain
Change in brain = reduced ability to cope with pain
70
Cause of Neuropathic pain
Dysfunction of nervous system = long term changes in pain pathway and abnormal processing
71
Neuropathic pain
Chronic amplification of pain -burning, shooting, chock like or tingling
72
Neuropathic pain is characterized by
Increased sensitivity to painful and non painful stimuli with hyperalgesia (increased)
73
Algesia
Capacity to feel pain
74
Analgesia
Absence of pain
75
Fever definition
Temporary resetting of hypothalamic thermostat to a higher levels in response to exogenous or endogenous pyrogens
76
Pyrogen
Substance that produces fever when released into blood
77
Exogenous pyrons
Cause release of endogenous pyrogens
78
Examples of exogenous pyrogens
TNFa, IL1, IL6
79
Pyrons raise… by inducing…..
-thermal set point -hypothalamic synthesis of prostaglandin E
80
Prostaglandins effect
Increases temperature through increased heat production and conservation
81
Individual: feels colder, curls up to decrease body surface area, goes to bed to get warm Cause:
Heat conservation through cutaneous vasoconstriction
82
Inc body temp is maintained until
Fever breaks and original set point is reinstated -Indian fgeels warm, throws off covers and stretches out
83
Heat conservation
-cutaneous vasoconstriction -decreased sweating
84
Heat generation
-inc muscle contraction -shivering reflex -inc metabolism
85
Benefits of fever
-kills microorganisms (affects their growth/replication) -Dec serum levels of minerals -lysosomal breakdown -immune response -enhances phagocytosis and interferon is augmented
86
Hyperthermia
Elevation of body temperature without an increase in hypothalamic set point
87
Hyperthermia risks
Can produce nerve damage, coagulation of cell proteins and death
88
Heat cramps
Severe spasmodic cramps in abdomen and extremities -follows sweating -sodium loss (40-60)
89
Heat cramps are common in individuals who are
Not accustomed to heat or performing strenuous work in warm climates
90
S/S of heat cramps
Inc core temp, rapid pulse, inc bp
91
Heat exhaustion
Result of prolonged high core or environmental temperatures -vasodilation and sweating
92
risk of heat exhaustion
-dehydration, hypotension, tachycardia
93
Manifestations of heat exhaustion
Dizziness, weakness, nausea, confusion
94
Heat stroke
Potentially lethal
95
Heat stroke: 41
Nerve damage, convulsions
96
Heat stroke: 43
Death
97
Normal core body temperature is
37
98
Hypothermia
Body temp less than 35
99
Hypothermia produces
Ice crystals inside cells causing cellular rupture
100
Tissue hypothermia
-slows cellular rate -inc blood viscosity -facilitates blood coagulation -vasoconstriction
101
Therapeutic hypothermia
Used to slow metabolism and preserve ischemic tissue during surgery
102
Risk of therapeutic hypothermia
May lead to ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions