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Biology GCSE > Chapter B4- Organising animals and plants > Flashcards

Chapter B4- Organising animals and plants Flashcards

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1
Q

haemoglobin

A

red pigment that carries oxygen around the body in the red blood cells

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2
Q

plasma

A

clear yellow liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved substances and blood cells around the body

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3
Q

red blood cells

A

biconcave cells that contain red pigment haemoglobin and carry oxygen around the body in the blood

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4
Q

white blood cells

A

blood cells involved in the immune system of the body.

engulf pathogens and make antibodies and antitoxins

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5
Q

platelets

A

fragments of cells in the blood that play a vital role in the clotting mechanism

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6
Q

urea

A

the waste product formed by the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver

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7
Q

arteries and properties

A
  • blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
  • they usually carry oxygenated blood and have a pulse
  • thick walls with muscle and elastic fibres
  • narrow lumen
  • dangerous if artery is cut
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8
Q

veins

A
  • blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
  • usually carry deoxygenated blood
  • have valves to prevent the back-flow of blood,
  • wide lumen,
  • thinner walls
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9
Q

capillaries

A

smallest blood vessels.

they run between individual cells and have a wall that is only one cell thick

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10
Q

double circulatory system

A

circulation of blood form the heart to the lungs is separate from the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body

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11
Q

coronary arteries

A

blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

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12
Q

atria

A

upper chambers of the heart

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13
Q

vena cava

A

large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart

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14
Q

pulmonary vein

A

large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart

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15
Q

ventricles

A

chambers of the heart that contract to force blood out of the heart

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16
Q

pulmonary artery

A

large blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

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17
Q

transpiration and what is involves

A
  • loss of water vapour from the leaves of plants through the stomata when they are opened to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis.
  • involves evaporation from the surface of the cells and diffusion through the stomata.
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18
Q

Function of blood

A
  • transport oxygen and nutrients to your organs
  • communication by carrying hormones
  • homeostasis, carries waste products and spreads heat
  • immune system, carries white blood cells and antibodies
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19
Q

what solutes are in blood

A 
fatty acids + glycerol 
amino acids
glucose
minerals
vitamins
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20
Q

types of blood cells and their function

A
  • red blood cells- carry oxygen
  • white blood cells- form our immune system
  • platelets- clot blood at a wound
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21
Q

properties of red blood cells

A
  • shape and structure- biconcave shape, small and flexible

- contain haemoglobin- a red protein that carries oxygen

22
Q

artificial hearts

A

temporary heart to support natural heart

23
Q

artificial heart advantages

A

-opportunity to live relatively normal life while waiting for a transplant

24
Q

artificial heart disadvantages

A
  • a lot of machinery
  • you have to stay in hospital until transplant
  • resources needed
  • expensive
25
Q

artificial pacemakers

A

electric device used to correct irregularities in the hearts rhythm

26
Q

artificial pacemakers advantages

A
  • sensitive to what your body needs

- increase in quality and length of life

27
Q

artificial pacemakers disadvantages

A

regular medical checkups throughout your life

28
Q

artificial pacemakers disadvantages

A

-regular medical checkups throughout your life

29
Q

bypass operations

A

replacing the narrow or blocked coronary arteries with bits of veins from other parts of the body

30
Q

bypass operations advantages

A

-they work for badly blocked arteries where stents can’t work

31
Q

bypass operations disadvantages

A
  • expensive

- risks associated with general anaesthetic

32
Q

replacement heart valves

A
  • mechanical valves are made of materials such as titanium and polymers
  • biological valves are based on valves taken from animals or donors
33
Q

replacement heart valves advantages

A
  • mechanical lasts a long time

- biological work extremely well and no medication is needed

34
Q

replacement valves disadvantages

A
  • mechanical needs medication for the rest of your life

- biological only lasts about 12-15 years

35
Q

stents advantages

A
  • can be used all over the body

- releases drugs to prevent blood clotting

36
Q

stents disadvantages

A
  • benefits don’t justify the additional expense

- risks of general anaesthetic

37
Q

what happens during inhalation

A
  • ribs move up and out
  • diaphragm flattens
  • volume of chest increases
38
Q

what happens during exhalation

A
  • ribs fall
  • diaphragm moves up
  • volume of chest decreases
39
Q

functions of outer muscles

A

contract pulling ribs up and out during inhalation

40
Q

functions of inner muscles

A

contract pulling ribs down and in during exhalation

41
Q

how does hot conditions affect the rate of transpiration

A

-more water evaporates from the cells and diffusion happens quicker, so increase rate of transpiration

42
Q

how does dry conditions affect the rate of transpiration

A

water vapour diffuses more rapidly in dry air than in humid air, because concentration gradient is steeper

43
Q

how does windy conditions affect the rate of transpiration

A

increases the rate of evaporation and maintains a steep concentration gradient from the inside of the leaf to the outside by removing water vapour as it diffuses out

44
Q

stomata function

A

allow gases to move in and out of the leaf

45
Q

big surface area function

A

gas exchange

46
Q

waxy cuticle function

A

reduces water loss

47
Q

air space function

A

added surface area

48
Q

leaves function

A

carry out photosynthesis

49
Q

stems function

A

support leaves and flower

50
Q

roots function

A

take up water and minerals from the soil

Biology GCSE (6 decks)

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