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Biology GCSE > Chapter B1 Cell Structure and transport > Flashcards

Chapter B1 Cell Structure and transport Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the maximum magnification and resolving power of light microscopes?

A

x2000, 200 nm

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2
Q

what is the maximum magnification and resolving power of electron microscopes?

A

x2000000, 0.2 nm

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3
Q

magnification =

A

size of image / size of real object

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4
Q

animal cell structures and functions

A
  • nucleus: controls all activities of cell, surrounded by nucleus membrane.
  • cytoplasm: liquid gel where organelles are suspended, chemical reactions take place.
  • cell membrane: controls passage of substances in and out of cell.
  • mitochondria: aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy for cell.
  • ribosomes: protein synthesis takes place
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5
Q

average diameter of a nucleus

A

10um

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6
Q

size of mitochondria

A

1-2um in length, 0.2-0.7um in diameter

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7
Q

plant cell structures and functions

A
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
  • cell membrane
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplasts: chlorophyll absorbs light for photosynthesis.
  • permanent vacuole: keeps cell rigid to support plant
  • cell wall: strengthens cell, gives support
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8
Q

chloroplasts size

A

3-5um long

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9
Q

resolution meaning

A

clarity of the image

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10
Q

Eukaryotic examples

A

animal and plant cells

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11
Q

Eukaryotic structures

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • genetic material in nucleus
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12
Q

Prokaryotes example

A

bacteria (single-celled living organisms)

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13
Q

Prokaryotes structures and functions

A
  • genetic material
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • slime capsule
  • cell wall
  • plasmids (small rings of DNA)
  • flagella
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14
Q

flagella function

A

long protein strand that lashes about, help move themselves about

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15
Q

Prokaryotes size

A

0.2-2.0um in length, 1-2 orders smaller then Eukaryotes

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16
Q

milli- symbol, 1000^m, 10^n, decimal

A

m, 1000^-1, 10^-3, 0.001

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17
Q

micro- symbol, 1000^m, 10^n, decimal

A

u, 1000^-2, 10^-6, 0.000001

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18
Q

nano- symbol, 1000^m, 10^n, decimal

A

n, 1000^-3, 10^-9, 0.000000001

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19
Q

sperm cells structures and functions

A
  • tail: helps move
  • mitochondria: energy
  • acrosome: stores digestive enzymes for, breaking down outer layer of the egg
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20
Q

nerve cells structures and functions

A
  • dendrites: to make connections with other nerve cells
  • axon: carries the nerve impulse from one place to another
  • synapse: pass impulses using special transmitter chemicals
  • mitochondria: energy for transmitter chemicals
21
Q

muscle cells structures and functions

A
  • special proteins: fibres contract
  • mitochondria: energy for chemicals reactions as cells contract and relax
  • glycogen: cellular respiration
22
Q

root hair cells structures and functions

A
  • increased surface area: water to move into cell
  • large permanent vacuole: speeds up movement of water by osmosis
  • mitochondria: energy needed for active transport of mineral ions into the cell
23
Q

xylem cells structures and functions

A

-lignin spirals and hollow tube of xylem: makes them strong and help them withstand pressure of water moving in the plant. help support plant stem

24
Q

phloem cells structures and functions

A
  • cell wall: break down to form special sieve plates, so water moves freely
  • companion cells: helps keep them alive
  • mitochondria: energy needed to move dissolved food up and down plant phloem
25
Q

diffusion

A

the spreading out of particles of any substance, in solution or gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient.

26
Q

what is the rate of diffusion affected by?

A
  • difference in concentrations
  • temperature
  • available surface area
27
Q

what dissolved substances move in and out of cells by diffusion?

A

glucose and urea

28
Q

what gases move in and out of cells by diffusion?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

29
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution

30
Q

maximising the rate of diffusion for short distances

A
  • distance between high concentration and the low concentration
  • shorter the distance, quicker the rate of diffusion
  • net movement by diffusion will be quite slow. particles moving into an area of lower concentration by random movement will be slightly more than particles that are leaving the area
31
Q

maximising the rate of diffusion for large surface areas

A
  • larger the surface area the more area it gives for particles to go through
  • area can increase by folding up the membrane of the cell, or the tissue lining an organ
32
Q

maximising the rate of diffusion for steep concentration gradients

A
  • bigger difference in concentration, quicker diffusion will take place
  • small difference- net movement by diffusion will be slow.
  • bigger the difference, steeper concentration gradient
  • diffusion occurs down the concentration gradient
33
Q

net movement=

A

particles moving in - particles moving out

34
Q

active transport

A
  • moves substances against the concentration gradient
  • uses energy from respiration
  • cells that carry out active transport have many mitochondria
35
Q

examples of active transport

A
  • plant root hairs absorb minerals from dilute solutions in soil
  • glucose molecules are absorbed from low concentration in the gut
36
Q

for substances to exchange effectively they need:

A
  • a big surface area
  • small diffusion distance
  • steep concentration gradient
37
Q

diffusion and osmosis (down the concentration gradient):

A
  • passive

- no energy required

38
Q

active transport (against the concentration gradient):

A
  • active
  • energy required from respiration
  • many mitochondria are found
  • steep concentration gradient isn’t as important for active transport
39
Q

what happens when living organisms get bigger and more complex?

A

surface area to volume ratio gets smaller

40
Q

how to increase the effectiveness of an exchange surface?

A

-large surface area
-thin membrane or being thin for short diffusion path
In animals:
-efficient blood supply, steeper concentration diffusion gradient
-being ventilated, maintains steep concentration gradients

41
Q

how does organisms getting bigger negatively affect the speed of which materials exchange?

A
  • gases and food molecules can no longer reach every cell inside the organism by simple diffusion
  • metabolic waste cannot be removed fast enough to avoid poisoning the cells
42
Q

details of microscopy practical

A

Use a light microscope to observe, draw & label cells.

43
Q

details of osmosis practical

A

Investigate the effect of a range of concentrations of solutions on the mass of plant tissue.

44
Q

microscope labels

A
  • eye piece lens
  • stage clips
  • fine focusing knob
  • light
  • objective lens
  • stage
  • focusing knob
  • light switch
45
Q

what process takes place in mitochondria? word equation, 2 things needed, 2 waste products, purpose and use of product of this process.

A
  • aerobic respiration
  • sugar + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water +energy released
  • oxygen + sugar
  • carbon dioxide + water
  • releases energy for the cell
  • energy helps the cell perform work
46
Q

where do you find genes?

A

nucleus, chromosomes

47
Q

what do genes do?

A

carry the instructions for making the proteins needed to build new cells or new organisms

48
Q

what are proteins made of?

A

chain of amino acids

49
Q

examples of proteins

A

keratin, collagen, elastin, insulin

Biology GCSE (6 decks)

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