Chapter B2- Cell division Flashcards

1
Q

cell cycle

A

three-stage process of cell division in a body cell that involves mitosis and results in formation of two identical daughter cell

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2
Q

mitosis

A

part of cell cycle where a set of new chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell forming two identical nuclei during cell division

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3
Q

cell cycle pattern

A
  • this normal body cell has four chromosomes in two pairs. cell gets bigger and increases in mass, normal cell activities. a copy of each chromosome is made. number of sub-cellular structures increase.
  • mitosis: one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the dividing cell and the nucleus divides.
  • cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two identical daughter cells
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4
Q

differentiate

A

process where cells become specialised for a particular function

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5
Q

stem cell

A

undifferentiated cell with the potential to form a wide variety of different cell types

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6
Q

adult stem cells

A

stem cells found in adults that can differentiate to form a limited number of cells

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7
Q

cloning

A

production of identical offspring by asexual reproduction

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8
Q

zygote

A

single new cell formed by fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction

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9
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate to form the specialised cells of the body

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10
Q

therapeutic cloning

A

process where an embryo is produced that is genetically identical to the patient, can be used in medical treatments

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11
Q

where can adult stem cells be found in the body?

A
brain
eyes
blood
heart
liver
bone marrow
skin
muscle
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12
Q

where does cell division in plants occur?

A

meristems

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13
Q

advantage and disadvantage in using embryonic stem cells

A
  • can differentiate into a wider range of cell types

- difficult to obtain and their use raises ethical challenges. The best source is the five-day-old embryo.

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14
Q

mitosis in plants

A
  • constantly taking place in meristems of shoots and tips

- many plant cells can differentiate

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15
Q

differentiation in animals

A

most types of cell differentiate at an early stage of development

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16
Q

what conditions could treatment with stem cells help?

A
  • paralysis
  • spinal cord
  • heart
  • damaged bone and cartilage
  • diabetes
  • infertility
  • dementia
  • lost vision
17
Q

risks for using stem cells

A
  • cause cancer

- adult stem cells might be affected by viruses, so could transfer virus to patient

18
Q

why are plant cloned quickly and economically?

A

for research, horticulture and agriculture