Chapter ___: Positive Psychology Flashcards
3 parts to happiness
Life satisfaction
Positive affect
Negative affect
Life satisfaction
Subjective judgment on how well your life is going
Using your own standards
Positively linked to SWB
Positive affect
Emotions like joy, happiness
Positively linked to SWB
Negative affect
Sadness, anger, anxiety
Negatively linked to SWB
Affect
Emotions
External causes of happiness
Money!
Need enough to meet basic needs
Social resources
We need people around us
Social relationships are neccecaey for happiness
Society in which we live in
External happiness
Internal cues of happiness
Temperament
Personality
Outlook
Temperament
Identical twins have similar levels
Personality
Extroverts experience more happiness
Those high in neuroticism experience more negative
Outlook
Cognitive appraisal of situation (glass half full)
Cultural influences of happiness
Resilience
Recover quickly from setbacks
Hedonic treadmill
Whatever we do, we are in the same place
Our emotions at first are different, then they get adjusted
Consequences of happiness
Health and longevity
Social relationships
Productivity
Citizenship
Health and longevity
When happy:
Stronger immune system
Less disease
Longer life
Social relationship
More stable and rewarding relationships
Better material and work outcomes
Receive and give supper to others
Productivity
Organizations more successful
Greater productivity
Higher earning
Citizenship
Happy, donate time and money
More likely to help others
How to become happier
See glass half full
Help others, Volenteer
Seek meaningful relationships
Solomon asch study
Line test for conformity
Line test outcomes
People would confirm to not stir the pot when wrong answered
On writing the answers would be right
Or if another person helped
Conformity
Change in behaviour that matches what others think or do
When people conform, their
Opinions, feelings, and behaviours move toward group norm
Reasons for conformity
Normative influence
Conforming because we won’t fit in or others might judge you
Informational influence
When we conform we want to be “right”, so we look at others
Descriptive norms
What we can observe other doing or what we think other do
People drinking when they aren’t
Obedience
A type of social influence or conformity, instructions from people of authority
Attitude
Positive or negative evaluation that may effect behaviour
CAB
Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioural components
Cognitive
Knowledge about object
Affective
Feelings toward object
Behavioural
Predisposition to act toward object
Advertisements
Attempt to change your attitude, make you think, feel, or act toward something
Persuasion
Attitudes or beliefs influenced by a communication from another person
Two types of persusion
Central or systematic
Peripheral or heuristic
Central or Systematic
Proves by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason
Motivated to process messages with care and attention
Peripheral or heuristic
Attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeal to habit or emotion
Appears when we are unmotivated or unable to process messages with care and attention
Cognitive dissonance
Tension produced when people recognize inconsistency in their actions, attitudes, or beliefs
3 ways to deal with cognitive dissonance
Change your cognition or attitude
Add a justifying concept
Change your behaviour itself
Blind spots
Self serving bias
Cognitive fluency
Sunk cost fallacy
Confirmation bias
Self serving bias
Giving success to yourself but failure to others
Cognitive fallacy
Do or think things cause others do them
ie. skip school
Sunk cost fallacy
If you have already wait money, time, etc, it is better to leave instead of wasting more
Confirmation bias
Only search for evidence that supports you
“Sugar is bad”
Social cognition
Process by which people come to understand others
The _______ is activated when we think about other people’s attributes
Prefrontal cortex
We make inferences about others based on:
1) the catagories to which they belong
2) the things they do and say
Stereotyping
Process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the catagoires to which they belong
Stereotype features
Inaccurate, overused, self perpetuating, and automatic
Where we learn stereotypes
1) people that tell us things might not be accurate
2) our own conclusions about others may be biased
Self perpetuating
Life of its own, hard to get rid of
Perpetual confirmation
When observes perceive what they expect to perceive
Self fulfilling prophecy
Tendency for people to cause what they expect to see (bad haircut)
Subtyping
Tendency for people who are faced with disconfimimg evidence to modify their stereotype rather than abandon
Stereotyping happens ______
Unconsciously
Training helps us stop it
Groups
Collections of people work something in common
We have a need to belong
The need to belong scale
Measures individuals ability to be apart of something
Ostracism
Exclusion from social groups
Social facilitation
We perform better in the presence of others
When does Social facilitation not work
Doing something unfamiliar or new, others make us perform worst
Social loafing
We exert less effort when in groups
Due to diffusion of responsibility
Group polarization
The judgement of a group tends to more extreme then that of any member
Common knowledge effect
Group tends to discuss things they all know, opposed to little things each person knows
Group think
The desire to reach a group consensus can lead to poor decisions
Causes of groupthink
Cohesion
Isolation
Biased leadership
Desicional stress
Cohesion
Group thing only occurs in friends groups
Isolation
The more private the group, the more group think
Biased leadership
One person is too authoritative, may lead others to pressure conformity
Decisional stress
Time pressure and other stresses lead to quick poor decisions
What attracts us together (4 points)
Proximity
Familiarity
Similarity
Reciprocity
Proximity
Like to form social relationships with those near or around you
Familiarity
Bring around those people often lead you to like them more
Mere exposure effect
The more we encounter someone or something the more likely we find it favourable or attractive
Similarity
We prefer mates who are physiologically like us. (Thoughts and beliefs)
Reciprocity
We tend to treat others the way they treat us
Equity
Important component of social relationships
Perceived social support
Related to greater well being (high positive emotions, low negative emotion)
Perceived social support
Unwanted and may be embarrassing or frustrating
Social identity theory
Groups influence their members self concepts and self esteem
Soci Meyer model
A conceptual analysis of self evaluation processes that theorizes self esteem function to psychologically monitor ones degree of inclusion and exclusion
