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Psychology 121 > Chapter 14: Stress And Health > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Stress And Health Flashcards

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1
Q

When does stress happen

A

When we are forced to adjust in some way

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2
Q

3 parts to stress

A

It is both physical and psychological

It disturbs our homeostasis (Normal state)

It taxes our ability to cope

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3
Q

Stressor

A

Can be a big traumatic event or a small daily hassle

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4
Q

Type A personality

A

Competitive

Time urgent

Hostile and aggressive

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5
Q

Resilience

A

Ability to bounce back from negative situations

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6
Q

Resilience may lead to

A

Better functioning following negative experiences

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7
Q

Coping with stress

A

Problem focussed or rational coping

Emotion focused or repressive coping

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8
Q

Problem focussed or rational coping

A

Sublimation

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9
Q

Emotion focused or repressive coping

A

Avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining a fake state of positivity

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10
Q

Stress reliving interventions

A

Relaxation activities

Progressive muscle relaxation

Breathing exercise

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11
Q

How can we lower our stress

A

Being socially integrated and having social support

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12
Q

Feeling a sense of control can

A

Lower your stress

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13
Q

Self efficacy

A

The belief that you can reach your goals and complete tasks

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14
Q

Personality

A

Our unique pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and bahaviors that characterize the way we adapt to the world

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15
Q

3 core assumptions of pshychodynamic approach to personality

A

Emphasis on unconscious

Early experiences shapes us

Nothin happens by chance

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16
Q

Emphasis on unconscious

A

The mind is assumed to operate largely outside of our awareness

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17
Q

Early experiences shape us

A

Things that happen while we are children, even infants or toddlers can affect us as adults

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18
Q

Nothing happens by chance

A

Thoughts are neither random nor accidental

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19
Q

Personality is based on the

A

Interplay of unconscious mental processes

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20
Q

To Freud, part one of personality is

A

Visible

We are aware of conscious thoughts and perceptions

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21
Q

Preconscious thoughts

A

Can reach awareness, but are not thinking of them now

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22
Q

Unconscious thoughts

A

Exist outside our awareness

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23
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

Characterized by challenges and gratifications

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24
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

Erogenous stages

Fixation

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25
Q

Erogenous zone

A

What is the source of pleasure for developing children

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26
Q

Fixation

A

Getting stuck in a particular stage

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27
Q

Oral stage

A

Task: get nourishment
Fixation: over eating, nail biting

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28
Q

Anal stage

A

Task: master toilet training
Fixation: issues related to control, either excessive cleanliness or messiness

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29
Q

Phallic stage / Oedipal Stage

A

Task: satisfy unconscious sexual urges

Fixation: difficulty with authority figures
Problems and failures in adult relationships

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30
Q

Oedipus complex

A

Boys become erotically attracted to their mother

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31
Q

Latency period

A

Age 5 to puberty

Sexual feelings suppressed

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32
Q

Genital stage

A

Physical and emotionally mature state

Capability of reciprocal interactions with others in various life domains

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33
Q

Id

A

Unconscious part of personality
Operates on pleasure principle
IMPULSIVE

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34
Q

Pleasure principle

A

Wants whatever feels good

Not concerned with society’s rules or rights of others

Sexual and aggressive impulses

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35
Q

Superego

A

Our conscience
Operates on the idealistic principle
Personality dominated by superego is restrained and over controlled

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36
Q

Ego

A

Mediator between id and superego

Operates on reality principle

Ego is balanced, being logical and rational

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37
Q

Defence mechanisms

A

Unconscious response of the ego used to ward off anxiety about the demands of id

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38
Q

Ego defences

A 
Projection 
Displacement 
Regression
Reaction formation 
Rationalization 
Simblimation
Repression
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39
Q

Projection

A

Attributing ones own feelings to another

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40
Q

Displacement

A

Moving the target of one’s urges to a substitue

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41
Q

Regression

A

Reverting to behaviours we used at earlier age

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42
Q

Reaction formation

A

Acting the opposite of how we feel

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43
Q

Rationalization

A

Making up an excuse to feel better

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44
Q

Sublimation

A

Seeking a socially acceptable outlet for one’s urges

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45
Q

Repression

A

Keep troubling thoughts from becoming conscious

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46
Q

Object relations theory

A

Personally Is understood as reflecting our mental images of significant people
Examples: Thinking of parents

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47
Q

Objective methods are

A

Standardized
Person must pick a response from options provided
Scoring is objective

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48
Q

Self report

A

Asking yourself questions

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49
Q

Advantage of self report

A 
Simple 
Easy
Cost effective 
Fast
Low burden 
Validity is good
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50
Q

Disadvantages of self report

A

Person may answer to others peoples likings

They may self enhance

Reference group

51
Q

Informant test

A

Observer (friends family) completes personality test about person

52
Q

Pros of informant test

A

They will answer as truthfully as possible

53
Q

Cons of informant report

A

Informant is still close to target so they’ll bias the test due to their liking

54
Q

Projective methods are

A

Based on premise that personality is shaped by conscious forces

Test taker projects unconscious personality onto ambiguous stimuli

No define response scale

Test scores must be interpreted

55
Q

Hermann Rorschach

A

Created the Rorschach test

56
Q

Thematic apperception task (TAT)

A

A person is shown an ambiguous picture and ask to tel story about it

57
Q

Implicit methods are based on

A

Social / learning and cognitive approaches

Test associations between concepts

Example: if I like pineapple I should be quicker to pairing then the second

58
Q

Behavioural methods are

A

Direct observations of things people do

59
Q

Examples of behavioural methods

A

Videotaping social interactions to determine levels of extraversion

Random recording devices

60
Q

Pros of behavioural method

A

Natural environment, real behavior

Less subject to respond bias

61
Q

Cons to behavioural method

A

May be invasive

Take a lot of time and effort

Must be rated or scored

Often a snapshot of a moment

62
Q

The lexical hypothesis

A

States that language captures the key ways of differentiating or describing people

63
Q

Factor analysis

A

Used to identify which words that go together (Social, extroverted, and gregarious)

64
Q

Assumptions of the trait perspective

A

Traits are more stable over time

Traits are stable over situations

Traits can be shown how we are different / alike

65
Q

Acronym for the personality profile

A

O.C.E.A.N

66
Q

Openness to new experiences

A

Personality trait that reflects a persons tendency to seek out and appreciate new things, like thoughts, feelings, and experiences

67
Q

Consciousness

A

Control of impulses, self control, ability to resist temptation

68
Q

Extraversion

A

Characterized by degree of socialbility and outgoing ness

69
Q

Agreeableness

A

Personality trait that reflects a persons tendency to be compassionate, cooperative, warm, and caring

70
Q

Neuroticism

A

Proneness to experience negative emotional states and emotional reactivity

71
Q

Extraversion and the normal distribution

A

Traits are continuous

Follow a relatively normal distribution

Most people are moderate but

72
Q

Why are some personality traits important

A

1) they have consequences (they can predict)

2) personality traits are useful in business, healthcare, etc

73
Q

Study separate piece of paper

A

Don’t skip me!! Do this!!

74
Q

4 active coping strategies

A

Confronting coping
Seeking social support
Planful problem solving
Positive reappraisal

75
Q

Confrontive coping

A

You take actions and confront the problem

76
Q

Seeking social support

A

You seek informational and emotional support

77
Q

Planful problem solving

A

You make a plan to solve the problem

78
Q

Positive reappraisel

A

You try to create a positive meaning and focus on personal growth

79
Q

4 passive coping strategies

A

Distancing

Self controlling

Accepting responsibility

Escape avoidance

80
Q

Distancing

A

You expect the problem to solve itself

81
Q

Self controlling

A

You make efforts to regulate feelings and actions

82
Q

Accepting responsibility

A

You accept your own role in the problem

83
Q

Escape avoidance

A

You try to avoid the problem by wishful thinking and behavioural efforts

84
Q

Extraversion linked to

A

Reward

85
Q

Neuroticism linked to

A

Avoidance system

86
Q

Walter mischel proposed

A

Personality traits were illusory

Difficult to predict what someone would do in specific situation

87
Q

What’s unique about the social cognitive approach

A

Emphasis on conscious thought

Derives from learning research

Recognizes both person and situation matters

88
Q

Key points of social cognitive theory

A

How you think about things matter

We can think about things differently from others

Personal constructs are important

Your construal of the world and situations explain why you feel, think and behave the way you do

89
Q

Trait

A

Emphasis on description
Self report meaningful
Emphasis on everyday people
Fundemental unit of the trait

90
Q

Social cognitive

A

Emphasis on conscious awareness

Beliefs, expectations, and goals are important

91
Q

Chronic stressor

A

Source of stress that occurs continuously or repeatedly

92
Q

Stress

A

Physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors

93
Q

General adaption syndrome

A

3 stage psychological stress response that appears regardless of the stressor encountered

94
Q

General adaption syndrome stages

A

Alarm phase

Resistance phase

Exhaustion phase

95
Q

Alarm phase

A

Body rapidly mobilizes it’s resources

Equivalent to fight or flight

96
Q

Resistance phase

A

Body tries to cope with stressor

Body shuts down unnecessary processes (digestion, growth)

97
Q

Exhaustion phase

A

Body’s resistance collapses

Many of the resistant defences cause damage to body

98
Q

Type B personality

A

More calm

Less aggressive

99
Q

Immune system response

A

Those less stressed fight off sickness faster or don’t get sick at all

100
Q

Repressive coping

A

Avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining a fake state of positivity

101
Q

Rational coping

A

Sublimation

102
Q

Biofeedback

A

The use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function

103
Q

Social support

A

Aid gained through interacting with others

104
Q

Control

A

Feeing a sense of control can help lower stress

105
Q

Personality traits

A

Different behaviors shown in across individuals, which tend to characterize the person across situations

106
Q

continuous distribution

A

Characteristics can go from low to high. Traits are on a spectrum and one can not simply have that trait, but have amounts of it

107
Q

Five factor model

A

Summarized by 5 traits to personality

108
Q

eysenck’s personality factors

A

Believed extraversion and neuroticism is most important

Combining peoples standings on those two traits could account for many differences in personality

109
Q

Active coping strategies

A

Confrontive coping
Seeking social support
planful problem solving
Positive reappraisal

110
Q

Confrontive coping (ACTIVE)

A

You take action and confront the problem

111
Q

Seeking social support (ACTIVE)

A

You seek informational and emotional support

112
Q

Planful problem solving (ACTIVE)

A

you make plans to solve the problem

113
Q

positive reappraisal (ACTIVE)

A

you try to create a positive meaning and focus on personal growth

114
Q

Passive coping strategies

A

Distancing
Self controlling
Accepting responsibility
Escape-avoidance

115
Q

Distancing (Passive)

A

you expect that the problem solves itself

116
Q

Self-controlling (Passive)

A

You make efforts to regulate feelings and actions

117
Q

Accepting responsibility (Passive)

A

you accept your own role in the problem

118
Q

Escape avoidance

A

You try to avoid the problem by wishful thinking and behavioural efforts

119
Q

Personality –> Stressor

A

tests exposure to stress

120
Q

Stressor –> Outcome

A

tests reaction to stress

121
Q

Do people high in neuroticism experience more stress?

A

Yes

122
Q

Those high in N do more:

A

Planful problem solving
self controlling
social support
and escape avoidance

123
Q

Do people higher in Neuroticism react more negatively to stress?

A

Yes

124
Q

Those high in neuroticism react to stress with more

A

anger and depression

Psychology 121 (6 decks)

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