chapter 9m- motivation

Question 1

what are the 3 Needs-Motives-Values Theories

Answer 1

alderfer’s ERG theory (existence, relatedness, growth)

Maslow’s hierarchy

Herzberg’s two-factor theory (hygienes - salary/safety, motivators - new challenges, relationships in workplace)

Question 2

what is the assumption of cognitive choice theories?

Answer 2

people are active decision makers who strive to be rational in choosing how much effort to exert

Question 3

Self-Regulation Theories

Answer 3

Cybernetic Control (aka Control Theory; Carver &
Scheier, 1998) - 4 element feedback loop
2. Goal Systems Theory (Kruglanski et al., 2002) - means to an end
3. Dual Systems Model (Kahneman, 2011) - system 1 fast/immediate, system 2 careful/deliberate
4. Choice Models (Berkman et al., 2017) - subjective value = choice
5. Resource Model of Self-Control (Baumeister et al, 2018) - self control wears out over time/depletes, but the more you use it the stronger it gets
6. Process Model of Self-control (Duckworth et al., 2016) - 5 strategies people use to facilitate goal attainment
7. Trait Models of Impulse Control (Whiteside & Lynam,
2005) - premeditation, sensation seeking, urgency, perserverence

Question 4

nick - motivation: What is Self-Regulation?

Answer 4

Broader process of setting and monitoring goals and
working to achieve those goals (Carver & Scheier,
1998)

Question 5

nick motivation: what are areas of future research?

Answer 5

1. Examining the level of analysis issues (within-
   person versus between-person phenomenon)
2. Focus not only how people set goals but how
   they accomplish them (i.e., conflict and want-to
   versus have-to)
3. Emotion research adding to facilitating self-
   control
4. Examining overlap between Cognitive
   Ability/Intelligence and Self-regulation

Question 6

cybernetic control theory

Answer 6

4 element feedback loop

Question 7

equity theory

Answer 7

people strive to maintain equity by reducing tension through balancing inputs and outputs

Question 8

expectancy theory

Answer 8

behaviors result from conscious choices between alternatives - behavior is evaluated across valence (rewards), instrumentality (performance), expectancy (effort) as you go through feedback loop in environment

Question 9

goal setting theory

Answer 9

people are more likely to accept and engage and attain goal when they engaged i. setting and committing to specific goals and they receive feedback on them

Question 10

what does SMART stand for in goal setting

Answer 10

SPECIFIC
MEASURABLE
ATTAINABLE
REALISTIC
TIME BOUND