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Psych 275 > Chapter 9: Vision > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Vision Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a topographic map?

A

a spatially organized neural representation of the external world

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2
Q

What do Muller cells do?

A

help transmit light through neurons to the photoreceptors

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3
Q

What range of vision can humans see?

A

380nm-760nm

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4
Q

What wavelengths/colours correspond with small, medium and large cones in most mammals? How do humans differ?

A

Blue: 419nm - Human: 426nm
Green: 531nm - Human: 530nm
Red: 559nm - Human: 552 or 557

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5
Q

What type of light is below 400nm and what kind of animal can see it?

A

Ultraviolet light: butterflies and honeybees

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6
Q

What type of light is above 700nm and what kind of animal can see it?

A

Infrared (night vision): snakes

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7
Q

What is Myopia? What can it be caused by?

A

nearsightedness; a longer eyeball or curvature of the cornea; could be from too much strain (reading etc) or not enough bright light as a child (too much time indoors)

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8
Q

What is Hyperopia? What is it caused by?

A

it is farsightedness; caused by a shorter eyeball or a lense that is too flat

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9
Q

What is Presbyopia and what is it caused by?

A

oldsightedness; caused by the hardening of the lense so it can’t contract to view closer objects

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10
Q

What are some properties of rods and what wavelength are they most sensitive to?

A

specialized for functioning at low light, more numerous, longer and cylindrical;for 496nm

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11
Q

What are some properties of cones and what is the least common type of cone? What wavelength are they maximally responsive to?

A

specialized for colour and high visual acuity, responsive to bright light and fine detail; blue cones; 560nm

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12
Q

What are the 6 types of cells in the retina?

A

1) Retinal ganglion cell
2) Amacrine cell
3) Bipolar cell
4) Horizontal cell
5) Cone
6) Rod

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13
Q

What is a horizontal cell’s function?

A

to link the photoreceptors with bipolar cells

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14
Q

What is an amacrine cell’s function?

A

to link bipolar cells with RGC

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15
Q

What is a retinal ganglion cell? What are two categories of these cells?

A

a cell with axons that give rise to the optic nerve the transmit information from the photoreceptors to the brain; M cells and P cells

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16
Q

What are characteristics of magnocellular cells? Where do they project to in the LGN and striate?

A

larger and receive information from rods; sensitive to moving stimulus; project to layers 1-2 in LGN and bottom part of striate

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17
Q

What are characteristics of parvocellular cells? Where do they project to in the LGN and striate?

A

smaller and receive information from cones; sensitive to forms and colour; layers 3-6 in LGN and top part of striate

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18
Q

Where does the Geniculostriate system pathway go? What type of axons are in this pathway?

A

retina –> lateral geniculate nucleus (in thalamus) –> layer IV of the visual cortex; all the P axons and some M axons; 90% of RGCs in here

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19
Q

Where does the Tectopulvinar system pathway go? What type of axons are in this pathway?

A

retina –> superior collicus (in tectum) –> pulvinar (thalamus) –> parietal and temporal visual areas; the remaining M axons

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20
Q

Where does the Retinohypothalamic tract go and what is it’s function? What cells form it?

A

it is formed by photo-retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs) which are RGC that absorb blue wavelength (460-480nm); it goes from the pRGCsto the suprachaismatic nucleus; it allows light to entrain the SCN’s rhythmic activity and contracts the pupil in response to light

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21
Q

Where is the Dorsal Stream? What is it’s main function? What area of the visual cortex is crucial to it?

A

from area V1 to the parietal lobe; guides movements relative to objects; area V5

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22
Q

Where is the Ventral Stream? What is it’s main function? What area of the visual cortex is crucial to it?

A

from area V1 to the temporal lobe; object identification and perceiving related movements; area V4

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23
Q

What does ipsilateral mean? What layers in the thalamus do these neurons go to?

A

same side eye; layers 2, 3 & 5

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24
Q

What does contralateral mean? What layers in the thalamus do these neurons go to?

A

opposite side eye; layers 1, 4 & 6

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25
Q

Where do M cells go in the thalamus and where do they go in the visual cortex?

A

layers 1-2; IVC(alpha) in layer IV of cortex

26
Q

Where do P cells go in the thalamus and where do they go in the visual cortex?

A

layers 3-6; IVC(beta) in layer IV of cortex

27
Q

What is a corticol column and what is it’s orientation and size?

A

it is anatomic organization that represents a functional unit; 6 corticol layers deep and 0.5mm(squared) in size; perpendicular to the surface

28
Q

Where is information sent from the medial and lateral pulvinar, respectively?

A

Medial: parietal lobe
Lateral: temporal lobe

29
Q

What is a “blob” in area V1 and what does it do?

A

it is a region in area V1 that is revealed by staining cytochrome oxidase that contains colour sensitive neurons

30
Q

What are the 3 types of information Area V2 receives? How are they distinguished by staining?

A

1) Movement - thick stain
2) Colour - thin stain
3) Form - pale stain

31
Q

Where does information go after area V2?

A

to the other layers and then to area G in the parietal lobe and area E in the temporal lobe

32
Q

Where is the central vs periphery of the visual field located in the visual cortex? How do they differ in size?

A

Central: near the back and larger as a % of it’s size
Periphery: more anterior and smaller as a % of it’s size

33
Q

What is on/off centre cell? What is a characteristic of them as a group?

A

a cell that has an excitatory or inhibitory centre and then the opposite surrounding it (circle shaped); they overlap a ton

34
Q

What is luminance contrast and what does it allow humans to do?

A

the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings; it is how RGCs tell the brain about shape because it allows them to detect edges of shapes

35
Q

What is a simple cell? What does it do?

A

a cell with on/off rectangular receptive fields that detect orientation of specific bars of light in a particular direction

36
Q

What is a complex cell? What does it do?

A

a cell that is maximally excited by bars of light in a particular direction

37
Q

What is a hypercomplex cell and what does it do?

A

a cell that is maximally excited by moving bars and is usually strongly inhibitory at one end (helps to distinguish direction)

38
Q

How does the temporal cortex process shape? How are the neurons clustered in this area and why?

A

it responds to specialized things (faces, hands etc.); neurons with similar responsiveness to features cluster in columns - this helps with stimulus equivalence; these neurons are plastic

39
Q

What is subtractive mixing? What are the primary colours?

A

it is removing light from the mix (paint mixing); red, blue and yellow

40
Q

What is additive mixing? What are the primary colours?

A

increasing light to make colour; red, blue and green

41
Q

What is the Trichromatic theory of colour vison?

A

colour vision is based on the coding of 3 primary colours: red, green and blue from cones

42
Q

What is Protanopia?

A

a lack of red cones

43
Q

What is Deuteranopia?

A

a lack of green cones; dogs etc. can see through camo (army)

44
Q

What is Tritanopia?

A

a lack of blue cones

45
Q

What does area V1 respond to in regards to colour?

A

it responds to particular wavelengths or colours (red-green vs. blue-yellow)

46
Q

What does area V4 respond to in regards to colour? What may this be important for?

A

it responds to different PERCEIVED colours; important for colour constancy as lighting/backgrounds change

47
Q

What is Homonymous hemianopia and what does it result from?

A

blindness in left/right half of visual field; injury to the visual pathway leading to the cortex

48
Q

What is Quadratonopia and what does it result from?

A

blindness in part or “quadrant” of visual field; partial lesion to visual pathway leading to cortex

49
Q

What is Scotoma and what is it caused by?

A

a small blind spot caused by a migraine or small lesion

50
Q

What is Nystagmus and what does it prevent from being detected?

A

constant motion of the eye; Scotoma

51
Q

What does damage to the what (ventral) pathway lead to? What is an example of this happening?

A

it impairs distinguishing what things are, are like or are doing; D.F. in the shower with C.O. poisoning

52
Q

What is visual form agnosia? What is it a result of?

A

the inability to recognize objects or drawings of objects; damage to the ventral (what) pathway in the temporal lobe

53
Q

What does damage to the how (dorsal) pathway lead to? What is an example of this happening?

A

it leads to a deficit in guiding movements in relation to objects, like reaching to grab things; R.V. and his failure to pick up objects

54
Q

What is optic ataxia? What is it a result of?

A

deficit in visual control of reaching and other movements related to vision; damage to the dorsal (how) pathway in the parietal lobe

55
Q

What is rhodopsin and what process is it used in?

A

it is a pigment in rods that is extremely light sensitive and bleaches upon exposure to light; it takes 45min to regenerate (takes a while to see well in the dark)

56
Q

What is the Purkinje effect?

A

brightness of colours shifts; from yellow and red to blue at dusk because of a switch to usage of rods by the eyes

57
Q

What is the process by which rhodopsin bleaches and then allows for night vision?

A

light closes the Na+ channels which hyperpolarizes the cell and the rods transduce that there is light through inhibition; in the dark Na+ channels are opened and NT are released causing the rods to become extra sensitive to any light

58
Q

What is the association visual cortex and what is it’s function?

A

it is outside the primary visual areas; usually it is more developed/complex and gives meaning to what is seen

59
Q

What is Prosopagnosia? What is damaged if this is present?

A

facial agnosia; the inferior prestriate cortex and adjoining portions of the inferotemporal cortex

60
Q

What is Akinetopsia? Where is damage typically for it? What types of activities does it cause difficulty for?

A

the inability to perceive fluid motion; V5 damage; pouring drinks and crossing the street

Psych 275 (13 decks)

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