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Psych 275 > Chapter 2: The Nervous System's Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Nervous System's Functional Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

individual capacity to develop more than one phenotype

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2
Q

Afferent nerves

A

incoming sensory information

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3
Q

Efferent nerves

A

outgoing information from the CNS; ie. parasympathetic & sympathetic nervous systems

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4
Q

Meninges (3)

A

3 layers of protective tissue that in case the brain and spinal cord; dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

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5
Q

Dura Mater

A

tough outer layer of the meninges; a loose sac

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6
Q

Arachnoid

A

ultra thin sheet that follows contours of the brain

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7
Q

Pia Mater

A

tough membrane of connective tissues clinging to the brains surface

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8
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

between the arachnoid and pia mater; a layer that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

clear solution of sodium chloride and other salts that fills the ventricles and protects the brain

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10
Q

Medial vs Lateral orientation

A

Towards the midline vs towards the sides

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11
Q

Anterior vs Posterior orientation

A

front vs back

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12
Q

Dorsal vs ventral orientation

A

top vs bottom

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13
Q

Coronal Cut

A

cut vertically from the crown down, yielding a frontal view

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14
Q

Horizontal Cut

A

cut horizontally and enables a dorsal view

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15
Q

Sagittal cut

A

cut lengthways from front to back and enables a medial view

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16
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

thin, heavily folded film of nerve tissue that is the outside layer of the forebrain

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17
Q

Temporal lobe

A

side of the brain; involved in hearing, language and music

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18
Q

Frontal lobe

A

executive functions & decision making

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19
Q

Parietal lobe

A

top of the skull; directing movements towards a goal or task

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20
Q

Occipital lobe

A

back of the skull; vision

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21
Q

Gyri

A

bumps in the cortex

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22
Q

Sulci

A

groove in brain matter; central sulcus is the line from ear to ear

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23
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

line down the centre (front to back) of the brain

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24
Q

Grey matter

A

composed predominantly of cell bodies and capillary blood vessels that modify information or support this activity

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25
Q

White matter

A

fat sheathed neuronal axons that form connections between brain cells

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26
Q

Ventricles

A

contain CSF and may maintain metabolism in the brain; the CSF flows between the 4 ventricles and in the cerebral aqueduct

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27
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

band of nerve matter with 200m nerve fibres that connects the two hemispheres and allows for communication

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28
Q

2 main types of cells in CNS

A

1) Neurons: major functions

2) Glial: aid and modulate neuronal activities

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29
Q

Nuclei

A

group of cells forming a cluster that forms a functional grouping

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30
Q

Nerve vs Tract

A

collection of axons coursing together outside (Nerve)/inside (tract) of the CNS

31
Q

Brain stem

A

central structure of the brain that contains the hindbrain (motor), midbrain (sensory) and the diencephalon (integrative); responsible for most unconscious behavior

32
Q

Hindbrain

A

contains the pons, medulla oblongata, reticular formation and cerebellum; controls most movement; oldest evolutionarily wise

33
Q

Cerebellum

A

responsible for fine movements; larger in animals who require more (ie. elephants)

34
Q

Reticular formation

A

nuclei and fibre pathways mixed (net-like); associated with sleep-wake and behavioral arousal

35
Q

Pons

A

the bridge from the cerebellum to the brain; controls body movements

36
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

breathing, cardiovascular and some body movements

37
Q

Midbrain

A

central part of brain; neural circuits for hearing, seeing and orienting movements

38
Q

Tectum

A

roof (above ventricle) of midbrain functions include sensory processing, visual and auditory; production of orienting movements

39
Q

Tegmentum

A

floor (below ventricle); movement related (species specific) and pain perception

40
Q

Superior and Inferior Colliculus

A

superior = visual input; inferior = auditory input; both function for orienting movements

41
Q

Red nucleus

A

limb movements; hemoglobin

42
Q

Substantia nigra

A

forebrain connection; initiating movements; reward, addiction, melanin; dopamine regulation; related to parkinson’s

43
Q

Diencephalon

A

integrates sensory and motor information on the way to cerebral cortex; includes hypothalamus and thalamus

44
Q

Hypothalamus

A

in the brain’s midline; involved in temperature regulation, eating, drinking and sex; connected to the pituitary gland

45
Q

Thalamus

A

information from all senses integrated and sent out; massa intermedia (only half have)

46
Q

Forebrain

A

involved in thinking, planning, language; contains the limbic system, basal ganglia and neocortex; newest part of brain (evolution wise)

47
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of neural tissue; connected to all areas of the brain

48
Q

Neocortex & 2 types of neurons in it

A

most recently evolved outer layer; 6 layers of grey matter that construct our reality; pyramidal (long axon and multiple dendrite) vs stellate (interneurons, small, star shaped) neurons; organized incolumns

49
Q

Basal ganglia

A

subcortical forebrain nuclei that coordinates voluntary movements of limbs and body and procedural learning; connected to the thalamus and midbrain; contains the caudate nucleus, amygdala putamen and globus pallidus

50
Q

Limbic system

A

forebrain structure between neocortex and brainstem; controls 4 f’s feeding, fleeing, fighting and sex; contains the cingulate cortex, amygdala and the hippocampus

51
Q

Olfactory system

A

responsible for sense of smell; olfactory bulbs in forebrain; pyriform cortex receives smell info

52
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 nerve pairs that control sensory and motor functions of the head, neck and internal organs; both efferent and afferent nerves

53
Q

Spinal Nerves (5)

A

1) Cervical
2) Thoracic
3) Lumbar
4) Sacral
5) Coccygeal

54
Q

Vertebrae

A

bones that form the spinal column

55
Q

SNS connections

A

neurons enter in spinal cord in posterior roots (afferent and sensory); leave through the anterior roots (efferent and motor)

56
Q

Law of Bell and Magendie

A

sensory dorsal, motor ventral

57
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

collection of “mini brains” that control involuntary body functions; quite complex; sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

58
Q

Sympathetic division

A

arouses body for action, such as mediating the involuntary fight or flight response to alarm by increasing blood pressure and heart rate among other things; high efferent branching; project from lumbar and thoracic

59
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

opposition to the sympathetic; prepares body to rest and digest by reversing the alarm and stimulating digestion; low efferent branching; project from brain and sacral

60
Q

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

A

located in sheets of tissue in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon; controls the “gut”; quite complex (many neurons/transmitters, profusion of glial cells); connects via vagus nerve

61
Q

Dorsal nerve root in spinal cord

A

it is sensory afferent information that is unipolar (only flows one direction)

62
Q

Ventral nerve root in spinal cord

A

it is efferent motor information that is multipolar (flows in both directions)

63
Q

Spinal cord internal structure

A

white matter periphery (myelinated); grey matter inside (cell bodies); CSF in central canal; lower level has more grey, higher has more white

64
Q

CSF locations

A

1) ventricles
2) central canal (in spinal cord)
3) subarachnoid space
made in the choroid plexus of ventricles

65
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

too much CSF in brain; tumor obstructing a channel/water build up

66
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

semipermeable transport mechanisms; the blood vessels aren’t porous though (tightly packed); keeps molecules outside of the brain (ie. drugs); allows certain hormones in

67
Q

5 Major divisions of the brain

A

1) Telencephalon (forebrain)
2) Diencephalon (forebrain
3) Mesencephalon (midbrain)
4) Metencephalon (hindbrain)
5) Myelencephalon (hindbrain)

68
Q

Myelencephalon (1)

A

most posterior; aka medulla (heartrate and breathing); origin of reticular formation (arousal system)

69
Q

Metencephalon (2)

A

contains cerebellum: fine motor skills, cognition; and Pons: reticular formation and axons to cerebellum and brain (bridge)

70
Q

Mesencephalon (2)

A

1) Tectum (roof): two little bumps with the superior and inferior colliculi
2) Tegmentum (floor): reticular formation, red nucleus, substantia nigra, periaqueductal gray (pain control & defensive behavior; opiates act on it)

71
Q

Periaqueductal gray

A

pain control and defensive behavior; opiates act on it; gate theory of pain

72
Q

Diencephalon

A

contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, mammiliary bodies and optic chiasm

73
Q

Telencephalon

A

largest division; limbic system, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, the 4 lobes, prefrontal cortex; controls sensory perception

Psych 275 (13 decks)

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