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Psych 275 > Chapter 11: Motor and Somatosensory > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Motor and Somatosensory Flashcards

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1
Q

Compare somatosensory and motor pathways as far as their direction and location in the spinal cord

A 
Somatosensory = sensory, afferent, posterior
Motor = efferent, anterior
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2
Q

What are the 4 main dermatomes and what part of the body do they relate to?

A

Cervical: arms
Thoracic: chest
Lumbar: Legs
Sacral: Bum and legs

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3
Q

What is a motor sequence? What are they the base for argued by Lashley?

A

movement modules preprogrammed by brain and produced as a unit; the base for complex movement

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4
Q

What 3 parts of the brain take part in initiating a motor sequence? What does each do?

A

Prefrontal cortex: plans our behavior and specifies a goal
Premotor cortex: organizes movement sequences; produces movement with many body parts
Primary motor cortex (M1): focal skilled movements

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5
Q

What part of the brain is involved in species-typical movement? What are some qualities of these behaviors?

A

brainstem; they are innate and depend on context as well

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6
Q

What does the motor cortex represent at the basic level?

A

fundamental movement categories

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7
Q

Where is the supplementary motor cortex?

A

in the premotor area of the frontal lobe

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8
Q

What is a corticospinal tract? What are the 2 and where do they branch off?

A

nerve fibres connecting cerebral cortex to the spinal cord; opposite-side lateral tract and same-side anterior tract; the brain stem

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9
Q

What does the opposite side lateral tract inform movement of?

A

the limbs and digits

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10
Q

What does the same-same anterior tract inform movement of?

A

the trunk

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11
Q

Where do motor neurons send axons to body muscles?

A

in the anterior horn

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12
Q

What are the 2 contraposing types of muscles?

A

extensor (away) and flexor (toward); work in opposition

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13
Q

What is the basal ganglia composed of?

A

the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus

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14
Q

What are the 3 connections involving the basal ganglia?

A

1) Neocortex + allocortex –> basal ganglia
2) basal ganglia –> thalamus –> motor cortex
3) substantia nigra basal ganglia

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15
Q

What can damage to the putamen result in?

A

dyskinesias (twitching) or hyperkinetic and hypokinetic symptoms

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16
Q

What acts as volume control in the basal ganglia, how?

A

globus pallidus; inhibited = movement vs excited = no movement

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17
Q

What does the flocculus do in the cerebellum?

A

receives information from the middle ear for balance control and controls eye movements

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18
Q

What cell type is in the 2nd layer of the cerebellum? What is it’s function?

A

purkinje cells; it is the output layer

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19
Q

What does damage to the cerebellum result in?

A

doesn’t abolish movement but disrupts it’s timing and execution

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20
Q

What is the cerebellum’s main process of integrating information?

A

comparing information about the intended vs actual movements and deciding what to do next

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21
Q

What is glabrous skin?

A

skin without hair follicles but with more sensory receptors

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of somatosensory receptors?

A

1) Nociceptors
2) Hapsis
3) Proprioreceptors

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23
Q

What are some qualities of nociceptors? What kinds of cells are they?

A

they are involved in irritation and the perception of pain, temperature and itch; free nerve cells

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24
Q

What are some qualities of hapsis receptors? What kind of cells are they?

A

They respond to pressure and touch and allow us to discriminate objects; a dendrite attached to hair, connective tissue or encased in connective tissue

25
Q

What are some qualities of proprioceptors? What kind of cells are they?

A

involved in the perception of movement and body, limb and head position; encapsulated nerves sensitive to stretch

26
Q

What are the 4 main types of Hapsis receptors?

A

1) Pacinian
2) Merkel
3) Ruffini
4) Meissner’s

27
Q

What is a pacinian corpuscle responsible for? Is it rapid or slow?

A

flutter movements; rapid

28
Q

What is a Meissner’s corpuscle responsible for? Is it rapid or slow?

A

touch; rapid

29
Q

What is a Ruffini corpuscle responsible for? Rapid or slow?

A

indentation; slow

30
Q

What is Merkel’s receptor for? Rapid or slow?

A

stead skin indentation; slow

31
Q

Are proprioceptors all rapid or slow?

A

rapid

32
Q

Are nociceptors rapid or slow?

A

slow

33
Q

What are posterior root ganglion neurons?

A

Single long dendrites just outside the SC that carry somatosensory information to the CNS

34
Q

What are the 2 types of posterior root ganglion neurons and how do they differ?

A

1) Proprio & haptic; large and myelinated

2) Nociceptive; small and nonmyelinated

35
Q

What type of cells are in the posterior spinothalamic tract? Where do they cross over?

A

Haptic and proprio; in the posterior column nuclei in the brain

36
Q

What type of cells are in the anterior spinothalamic tract? Where do they synapse and cross over?

A

nociceptors; on anterior grey matter; cross over right away

37
Q

Where do both spinothalamic tracts end up synapsing on in the brain?

A

the ventrolateral thalamus

38
Q

What areas other than nociceptors are involved in pain perception? What do they do?

A

Haptic: ID location and identity
Midbrain: arousal
Amygdala: emotional response
Hypothalamus: hormonal and cardio vascular

39
Q

What is the gate theory of pain?

A

haptic-proprio can reduce pain perception whereas absence can increase pain perception

40
Q

How is the PAG involved in pain perception? What can be done with it to reduce pain?

A

in the midbrain and is related to opioids; stimulating it reduces pain perception

41
Q

What is another name for organ pain? why?

A

referred pain; because you feel it elsewhere

42
Q

What is involved in the vestibular system? What is a disease that can result in vertigo in this system?

A

the semicircular canals detect 3d location and ID; cilia fire to one direction and inhibited to other; Miniere disease

43
Q

Where does the primiary somatosensory cortex receive projects from? What Brodmann’s areas is it? What are it’s main functions?

A

the thalamus; 3-1-2; construct perceptions from somatosensory information

44
Q

What Brodmann’s areas is S2? What does it do? Where is it?

A

5 and 7; in parietal behind S1; refines perceptual construtions and sends info to frontal cortex

45
Q

What are the 4 different somatosensory homunculi?

A

1) rapid adapting skin receptors
2) deep tissue pressure and joint receptors
3a) muscle receptors
3b) slow respond skin receptors

46
Q

What do somatosensory homunculi areas of 3a and 3b do?

A

respond to specific activity of certain body parts; integrate it and send it to area 1

47
Q

What is apraxia? What is damaged a lot of the time that it results?

A

inability to make voluntary movements; especially to make proper use of an object; S2

48
Q

What is astereognosia?

A

inability to recognize objects by touch

49
Q

What is asomotagnosia?

A

inability to recognize body parts

50
Q

What two more parts are involved in pain perception?

A

the anterior cingulate cortex; emotional

Raphe nucleus; can monitor and block pain

51
Q

What is unique about ballistic movements?

A

they require no sensory feedback

52
Q

What does the posterior parietal association cortex do?

A

it integrates information on body position, external objects; it receives information from all senses

53
Q

What does the dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex do?

A

it evaluates external stimuli and initiates reactions to them; it is the first to fire in anticipation of motor responses

54
Q

Where does stimulation of the primary motors cortex produce movement?

A

the opposite side of the body

55
Q

What do the 2 dorsolateral and ventromedial tracts have in common? How do they differ?

A

Both: project from M1 and mediate voluntary movement
Ventro: more diffuse and send information to proximal muscles
Dorso: project to distal muscles

56
Q

What is isomeric muscle contraction?

A

joint position and muscle length do not change; do not pull bones in

57
Q

What is Dynamic muscle contraction?

A

muscle length and joint position change; bones are pulled in

58
Q

What reflex is monosynaptic? What isnt?

A 
stretch reflex (petallar) 
withdrawal (nociceptors)

Psych 275 (13 decks)

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