Chapter 9 - Viruses & Bacteria

Question 1

Cholera

Answer 1

polluted water with bacteria, causes diarrhea and vomiting, drinking water with feces, affects 3 to 5 million worldwide a year causing 100,000 to 130,000 deaths a year
before 1980’s -death rate was greater than 3 million a year
between 1817-1860 -more than 15 million deaths

Question 2

T.B. “tuberculosis”

Answer 2

airborne in water droplets

fatigue, coughing, bleeding in lungs

Question 3

Scarlet fever

Answer 3

rash, sore throat, fever

Question 4

Tetanus

Answer 4

• bacteria get in from dirty wounds by some type of puncture
• no air gets in “anaerobic bacteria”
• toxin causes nerves to spasm

Question 5

Typhoid

Answer 5

• contaminated food and water
• headaches fever, diarrhea, rash, often fatal “Typhoid Mary”
• caused by bacterium Salmonella typhoid

Question 6

Leprosy

Answer 6

• personal contact
• nerve damage
• skin lesion ps
• tissue degeneration

Question 7

Botulism clostridium botulinum

Answer 7

• one millionth of a gram can paralyze or kill
• cans not sterilized properly
• used in cosmetic procedures for wrinkles

Question 8

Salmonella

Answer 8

• porks, eggs, poultry

- diarrhea, vomit, cramps, problems from food preparation

Question 9

Bubonic death

Answer 9

• bacteria lived on fleas that lived on rats
• swollen glands
• bleed under skin
• 2/3% of Europe wiped out in 1400’s

Question 10

Antibiotic Resistance

Answer 10

• over years bacteria have become resistant to antibiotic

- most bacteria are now resistant to at least one antibiotic

Question 11

Controlling bacteria

Answer 11

water purified, then chlorine added sewage treatment pasteurization - heat foods to destroy toxinscooling to just above freezing
vaccines that have harmless toxins so your body make antibodies
(whooping cough, tetanus) antibodies first made in 1940’s by Alexander Fleming penicillin was the first antibiotic made from penicillium

Question 12

Viruses

Answer 12

not really alive since they must produce in a host
not really made of cells don’t really grow
inside viruses = DNA/RNA
outside viruses = protein coat capsid

Question 13

Reproduction

Answer 13

viruses must inject their DNA or RNA in host cell

lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle

Question 14

lytic cycle

Answer 14

viral genetic info is separate from host
virus uses the hosts organelles, enzymes to make copies of virus’s DNA
host cell breaks open and releases new viruses

Question 15

lysogenic cycle

Answer 15

viral DNA becomes part of the host cell’s DNA
host replicates its own DNA, it also replicates virus DNA
host cell is not destroyed
can go into lytic cycle

Question 16

AIDS caused by HIV

Answer 16

acquired immune deficiency virus T-cells are killed T-cells help to attack pathogens symptoms can occur in few months to 10 years
drugs now given to block enzyme needed for DNA replication
22 million have died 33 to 46 million are living with HIV

Question 17

Influenza

Answer 17

transmitted by air

headache, body aches, sore throat, cough

Question 18

Hepatitis

Answer 18

by food or water

chills, fever, nausea, swollen liver, pain in joints

Question 19

Measles

Answer 19

by air, rash, fever, congestion

Question 20

Smallpox

Answer 20

was removed from U.S. in 1949 
tiny pustules on skin 
killed half of people who got it
last case in 1977
Edward Jenner made vaccine from cowpox in 1798

Question 21

Ebola

Answer 21

virus that has only been seen in Africa
bleeding through all body openings
organs turn to mush

Question 22

Lyme disease

Answer 22

Borrelia burgdorferi
lives in several species of ticks
bacteria transferred by blood when ticks bites
first found in Lyme Conn. in 1975
red rash at site, fever, chills, nausea, severe pain, and death if not treated
treat with antibiotics