Chapter 9: The rule of the immune system Flashcards
Cellular and Physiological Response to Injury
1
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acquired immunity or adaptive immunity
A
immune response that results from exposure to the antigen or immunoglobulin
2
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active immunity
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immunity produced due to exposure to an antigen (e.g., infection or vaccination)
3
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atopy
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presence of elevated IgE in the serum; syndrome of hyperallergenic reactions, usually including eczema, allergic rhinitis, and asthma
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adhesion
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scar tissue that forms between two body surfaces usually as a result of surgery or injury
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allergen
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an antigen that triggers an allergic response
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allergy
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an inappropriate and harmful immune reaction to a harmless nonpathogenic substance; also called hypersensitivity
7
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allogenic
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having a different genetic composition; in bone marrow transplant, refers to receipt of bone marrow from a donor of different genetic composition
8
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allograft
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a tissue/organ graft between two genetically different individuals from the same species
9
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myloid
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a starch-like substance present in diseased tissues
10
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anaphylactic shock
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a life-threatening IgE-mediated allergic reaction; in humans, symptoms includ swelling (especially of the lips and face), vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, and sudden drop in blood pressure; also call anaphylaxis
11
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anergy
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antigen-specific nonresponsiveness by a T or B cell in which the cell is present but cannot respond
12
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antibody
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a protein molecule found in serum and tissues that is secreted by B cells in response to a specific antigen that can bind to that antigen and neutralize or help destroy it; also called immunoglobulin
13
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antigen
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a substance that is specifically bound by an antibody or lymphocytes; used by the immune system to recognize pathogens and altered cells; see immunogen
14
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antigen-presenting cell (APC)
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a cell capable of displaying fragments of antigens from pathogens and altered cells joined to major histocompatibility molecules on its surface in a manner that can be recognized by T cells
15
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antiseptics
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agents that kill microbes within living tissue
16
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antitoxin
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an antibody to a exotoxin
17
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apoptosis
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genetically programmed cell death
18
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asthma
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a chronic inflammatory lung disease that is triggered by either an IgE allergic reaction or nonallergic factors and results in inflammation of the airway and reversible airway obstruction
19
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atrophy
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reduction in size of muscle cellsa
20
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attenuated
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refers to an antigen rendered less virulent but still capable of eliciting an immune response
21
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autoantibody
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an antibody to self-antigens
22
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autograft
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a tissue graft from one area to another on the same individual
23
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autoimmunity
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an immune response to one’s own tissues
24
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autologous
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transplant of one’s own body tissue; in bone marrow transplant, refers to treatment through receipt of one’s own bone marrow
25
B cell
a lymphocyte derived from the bone marrow, which differentiates into a plasma cell that makes an antibody
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basophils
polymorphonuclear leukocytes containing granuels that stain with basic dyes; they have much in common with mast cells, including the release of histamine and leukotrienes, which contribute to allergic responses and inflammation
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betadine
a povidone-iodine containing solution that is used topically to destroy microorganisms
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bone marrow
soft tissue in the cavities of bones where stem cells become red and white blood cells
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bronchial-associated lymphatic tissue (BALT)
secondary lymphoid organs of the bronchial tree
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CD
"Cluster designation" ; an international nomenclature system of leukocyte cell surface molecules (CD number)
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CD4
a marker found predominantly on helper T cells that interacts with MHC class 2 molecules on antigen-presenting cells
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CD8
a marker found predominantly on cytotoxic T cells that interacts with MHC class 1 molecules on target cells
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clinical manifestations
unique signs and symptoms
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colllagen
a fibrous protein found in connective tissue
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complement
a group of serum proteins activated in a cascade that produces compounds that lyse cells and mediate immune reactions
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contracture
shortening of muscle tissue resulting in immobility
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Cushing's syndrome
a disorder resulting from prolonged exposure to high levels of glucocorticoid hormones; symptoms include muscle weakness, thinning of the skin, moon-shaped face, weight gain, and diabetes mellitus
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cytokines
soluble substances secreted by one cell that cause it or other cells to proliferate, differentiate, migrate, or become activated
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cytotoxic T cells
T lymphocytes that kill cells infected by viruses or transformed by cancer
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dehiscence
seperation of wound edges
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delayed hypersensitivity
a cell-mediated inflammatory allergic reaction in the skin (e.g., poison ivy) that takes 24-48 hours to appear
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dendritic cells
antigen-trapping and antigen-presenting white blood cells with nervelike processes (e.g., Langerhans cells and interdigitating cells)
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disinfectants
agents that kill microbes on inanimate objects or surfaces
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dysplasia
abnormal cell growth
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endotoins
toxins found in bacteria, often as part of the cell wall, that stimulate an immune response
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eosinophil
a polymorphonuclear leukocyte that damage parasites and decrease inflammation; these granules stain with acid dyes
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eosinophilic esophagitis
abnormal infiltration of eosinophils into the esophagus; may be associated with food allergy as well as other conditions such as scleroderma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and infection
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epidemiology
the study of the rates of disease within a given population
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epigenetic
changes in the DNA transcription that may occur as a result of environmental factors
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epinephrine
a chemical made by the adrenal gland that relaxes smooth muscles and constricts blood vessels; when it is used to treat severe allergic reactions, it is sometimes referred to as adrenaline
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etiology
the cause of the disease
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exercise-induced allergic syndrome
an allergic reaction that occurs when a food allergen is consumed in combination with physical activity
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exotixins
toxins produced by bacteria
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exudate
fluid produced by and released from cells that are inflamed and/or injured
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fibrin
a filamentous protein; for blood clotting to occur, fibrinogen must be converted to fibrin
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first-set rejection
rejection of a foreign tissue graft due to antibodies and activated cells formed in response to the graft; usually occurs 1-2 weeks after the tissue transplanted
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food allergy
immunologically based abnormal response to a food
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food-induced eczema
atopic dermatitis; a chronic skin disorder that usually begins in this diagnosis also suffer from other allergic conditions such as asthma and rhinitis
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atopic
refers to a milder IgE-mediated allergic response
60
food intolerance
abnormal reaction to a food that is not immune mediated
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food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES)
a type of food allergy that affects the gastrointestinal tract; symptoms include profound vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration
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gamma globulins
a group of serum proteins, including most antibody molecules, that migrate fastest toward the cathode during electrophoresis
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graft-versus-host (GVH) rejection
a life-threateningn reaction in which transplanted immunocompetent cells, usually T cells, attack the tissues of the immunocompromised recipient
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gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT)
lymphoid tissue including Peyer's patches, the appendix, and solitary lymph notes in the submucosa
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hapten
a nonimmunogenic, low molecularweight molecule that can be recognized by an antibody; it can initiate an immune response if it is conjugated to a "carrier" molecule
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T helper cells
a subset of T cells that triggers B cells to make antibodies, activates macrophages, and promotes the differentiation of other T cells
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Th1
a subset of the T helper cells that secretes cytokines, which trigger cell-mediated immune responses that promote inflammation and antiviral responses
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Th2
T helper cells that predominate in the response to allergens and parasites and that make cytokines that promote antibody responses
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hematopoietic stem cell
an undifferentiated bone marrow cell that is a precursor for multiple cell types; also called pluripotential stem cells
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histamine
a casoactive amine that contributes to inflammation and IgE-mediated allergic reaction by causing the diulation of local blood vessels and smooth muscle contraction; histamine release produced some of the symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
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hives
an itchy skin condition with raised red lumps, often due to an allergic reaction; also called urticaria
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host-versus-graft (HVG) rejection
a reaction in which immunocompetent cells from the host (recipient of a transplant) attact the graft (transplanted tissues)
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hyaline
a histological term used to describe tissue injury that has a glassy, pink appearance
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hyperemia
increased blood flow to a body tissue
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hyperplasia
increased number of cells
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hypersensitivity
an inappropriate and harmful immun reaction to a harmless, nonpathogenic substance; also called allergy
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hypertrophy
increase in cell size
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IgA (immunoglobulin A)
an immunoglobulin present on the surfaces of B cells
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IgD (immunoglobulin D)
an immunoglobulin present on the surfaces of B cells
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IgE (immnoglobulin E)
the immunoglobulin class that is the predominant mediator of immediate hypersensitivity reactions (allergies)
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IgG (immunoglobulin G)
the predominant immunoglobulin class produced during secondary immun responses; the most prevalent immunoglobulin in the blood
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IgM (immunoglobulin M)
the predominant immunoglobulin class expressed by virgin B lymphocytes and secreted during primary immune responses
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IL-2
interleukin-2; a lymphokine required by activated T cells for growth
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immediate hypersensitivity
a hypersnesitivity reaction that appears within minutes after exposure to an allergen
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immune complex
a cluster of antibodies bound to antigens
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immunodeficiency
decrease in or lack of an immune response due to absence or defect of one or more components of the immune system
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immunogen
an antigen capable of inducing an immune response because it is foreign to the host
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innate immunity
immune response resulting from natural barriers and resistance that are present at bieth
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interferon (INF)
a froup of cytokines that regulate the immune system and protect cells from viruses
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interleukin
now used primarily as a naming convention for cytokines/lymphokines/chemokines/growthfactors (IL-number)
91
ischemia
inadequate supply of oxygen
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isograft
tissue transplanted between two genetically identical individuals; also called syngraft
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jaudice
a symptom that occurs when excessive bilirubin accumulates in the bloodstream, causing body tissues to become tinted yellow
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Langerhans cell
dendritic cell that traps and processes antigens in the epidermal layer of the skin and then migrates through lymphatics to lyumph nodes where it presents the antigen to T cells
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leukocyte
white blood cells
96
leukotrienes
metabolic products of arachidonic acid that promote inflammation
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lymph
extracellular fluid containing white blood cells (mostly lymphocytes) and antibodies that bathe tissues
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lymph nodes
small organs of the immune system where mature B and T lymphocytes respond to an antigen; they are distributed widely throughout the body and are linked by lymphatic vessels that bring in antigens from surrounding tissue
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lymphatic system
a system of vessels through which lymph travels, consisting of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes at the intersection of vessels
100
lymphocyte
a small mononuclear cell with a thin rim of cytoplasm that has antigen-specific receptors
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lymphokine
a soluble molecule used for communication between lymphocytes and other cells
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lysosomes
cytoplasmic granules that contain hydrolytic enzymes and are involved in the digestion of phagocytosed material
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macrophage
a large phagocytic antigen-presenting cell derived from the blood monocyte and found in tissues
104
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
a cluster of genes encoding polymorphic cell- surface molecules (MHC class 1 and class 2) that help the organism identify pathogens as foreign; they are important in antigen presentation to T cells, play a roll in trnsplantation rejection, and influence the susceptibility to certain autoimmune diseases
105
Class 1 MHC antigen
glycoproteins found on nucleated cells and encoded by the A, B, and C locus of the major histocompability complex; they present antigens to cytotoxin (CD8 1) T cells
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Class 2 MHC antigen
glycoproteins found on nucleated cells and encoded by the Dr, Dq or DP locus of the major histocompatibility complex; they present antigens to helper (CD4 1) T cells
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mast cell
a tissue cell found primarily in mucosal and connective tissue that is similar to the basophil (which is found in blood)
108
membrane attack complex
the final prduct of the complement cascade that forms a pore on the surface of the target cell, which results in lysis of the cell
109
memory cells
lymphocytes produced on the first encounter with an antigen that produce a rapid, more vigorous response upon subsequent exposures which often prevents reinfection
110
metaplasia
replacement of one cell type with another
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minor histocompatibility antigens
cell surface-processed peptides not encoded by the MHC that can contribute to graft rejection
112
monoclonal antibody
an antibody produced by an immortal B-cell line that reacts with a single anigenic determinant (a specific part of an immunogen that stimulates a specific immune response)
113
monocyte
a large, mononuclear, phagocytic white blood cell that developes into a macrophage with it enters tissue
114
morbidity
the state of being diseased
115
mortality
the incidence of death ina population
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mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
lymphoid tissue found in the surface mucosa of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts
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natural killer cells (NK cells)
large granular lymphocyte cells that attack tumors and virally infected cells but do not exhibit antigenic specificity
118
necrosis
general term referring to cell death
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neutrophil
the most numerous type of polymorphonulclear leukocyte, with granules that stain with acid and basic dyes; it is phagocytic and enter tissues early in inflammation
120
nonspecific immune system
all aspects of immunity not directly mediated by anigen-specific lymphocytes
121
oral allergy syndrome
food allergy symptoms of the mouth and pharynx, which usually occur within minutes of contact between the allergen and the oral mucosa
122
outcome
the measurable consequence of disease
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passive immunity
immunity due to the transfer of antibodies or activated T cells produced by another individual
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pathogenesis
the clincal course of disease
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pathophysiology
the study of disease
126
Peyer's patches
distinct lymphoid nodules in the intestine that are part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
127
phagocytosis
the engulfment of a particle or a microorganism by leukocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils, normally followed by destruction of the particle
128
plasma cells
large antibody-producing cells that develop from activated B cells; also called antigen-forming cells (AFCs)
129
polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)
leukocytes with a multilobed nucleus and cytoplasmic granules that take up acid and basic dyes; also known as granulocyes, PMNs, and polysoptosis
130
primary immune response
the immune response that occurs when the naive lymphocyte first encounters its anigen
131
privileged sites
nonvascularized locations in the body where transplant grafts are not rejected
132
prognosis
expected outcome; expected response to treatment
133
sarcopenia
loss of skeletal muscle mass associated with aging
134
second-set rejection
accelerated rejection of an allograft due to previous exposure to some of the antigens on the graft
135
secondary immune response
rapid, more vigorous immunologic response by memory lymphocytes after the first encounter with an antigen; produced upon subsequent exposures to the anigen; often prevents reinfection
136
sensitization
production of IgE antibodies after exposure to an allergen but not necessarily with active allergy
137
serum sickness
an allergic response follwoing the administration of a passive antibody in foreign serum
138
severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)
disease due to several mechanisms that produce an early block in differentiation pathways of both B and T lymphocytes, resulting in infants who are born lacking all major immune defenses
139
signs
observable phenomena such as heart or respitory rate
140
spleen
a lyphoid organ in the abdominal cavity that filters blood
141
stem cell
an undifferentiated cell that is capable of becoming (differentiating into) numerous other cells in the body
142
sterilization
a process that destroys all living organisms
143
symptoms
complaints experienced/verbalized by a patient
144
T cells
lymphocytes that differentiate in the thymus
145
suppressor T cells
a T lymphocyte that suppresses (turns off) specific immune responses; may or may not be a seperate subclass of T cells
146
thymus
a primary lymphoid organ located in the chest, where T lyphocytes differentiate, proliferate, and are positively and negatively selected
147
negative selection
the process in which, B and T cells that react to self-molecules during their development
148
positive selection
the rescue from apoptosis of T cells in the thymus that can recognize self-MHC molecules
149
transplantation
grafting an organ (e.g., kidney or heart) or cells (e.g., bone marrow) from one individual to another
150
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
a cytokine that induces programmed cell death, primarily in tumor cells but for any cell with a receptor, also involved in immunoregulation
151
vaccine
a substance made from the whole organism or parts that contain critical antigenic components or genes for those compnents; it stimulates a primary immune response that produces antibodies and memory cells that protect against subsequent infection by that organism
152
vasomotor
referring to nerves that innervate smooth muscles in the walls of arteries and veins and can cause their constriction or dilation
153
xenograft
tissue transplantation between individuals from different species
