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DN 402 > Chapter 14 - Upper GI Tract > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Upper GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

acarbose

A

also known as Precose, a medication - an alpha glucoside inhibitor - that slows the digestion of starch; used in diabetes treatment to prevent dumping syndrome

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2
Q

acetylcholine

A

excitatory neurotrasmitter involved in stimulation of parietal cells

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3
Q

achalasia

A

motility disorder characterized by an absence of or weakened peristalis within the esophagus

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4
Q

ageusia

A

inability to taste

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5
Q

anastomosis

A

the surgical connection of body parts, especially hollow tubular parts like those of the GI tract

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6
Q

aspiration

A

the accidental inhalation of food particles or fluids into the lungs

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7
Q

autocrine

A

describes a type of communication via hormones and other chemical messengers that when released from that cell results in an action or change within that same cell

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8
Q

bariatric

A

referring to medical treatment of morbid obesity

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9
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

a complication of severe chronic GERD involving changes in the cells of the tissue that line the bottom of the esophagus

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10
Q

bezoar

A

accumulation of undigested food stuffs in the stomach

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11
Q

calculus

A

calcified deposits that have formed around the teeth

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12
Q

cheilosis

A

fissures that develop at the edges of the mouth

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13
Q

cholinergic

A

resembling acetylcholine; stimulated by our releasing acetylcholine or a related compound

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14
Q

chyme

A

partially digested food in a semi-fluid state

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15
Q

dental caries

A

decay of the teeth that begins when acid dissolves the enamel that covers the tooth

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16
Q

dumping syndrome

A

a group of symptoms that occurs with rapid passage of large amounts of food into the small intestine; symptoms includ dizziness, sweating, decresed blood pressure, and diarrhea

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17
Q

dysgeusia

A

abnormalities in or reduced ability to taste

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18
Q

dyspepsia

A

vague upper abdominal symptoms that ay include upper abdominal pain, bloating, early satiety, nausea, or belching

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19
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

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20
Q

edentulous

A

without any teeth

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21
Q

enamel

A

hard outer layer of teeth consisting of hydroxyapatite; this mineral is composed of calcium, phosphorous, flouride, chloride, sodium, and magnesium

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22
Q

endoscopy

A

examination of the interior of a canal by means of an endoscope

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23
Q

eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)

A

an allergic inflammatory response affecting the esophagus

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24
Q

epigastric

A

referring to the upper abdominal region

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25
esophageal phase
phase in which esophageal peristalsis carries the bolus through the esophagus and LES and into the stomach
26
gastrectomy
surgery to resect a portion or the entire stomach
27
gastrin
primary hormone released to stimulate digestion and production of hydrocloric acid in the stomach
28
gastritis
inflammation of the gastric mucosa
29
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
chronic or recurrent gastric pain due to reflux of gastric secretions into the lower esophagus
30
gingiva
the gums
31
glossitis
inflammation of the tongue
32
hematemesis
the vomiting of blood
33
hemorrhage
bleeding
34
hiatal hernia
protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm into the space normally occupied by the esophagus, heart, and lungs
35
histamine
paracrine compound released from parietal cells involved in production of hydrochloric acid; also released from mast cells and basophils as a component of inflammatory and immune responses
36
hyperosmolar
having a higher osmolality than body fluids (>300 most/kg)
37
hypoglycemia
a low serum glucose; generally considered to be <70mg/dL
38
laparoscopically
describes a method of performing surgical prodedures within the abdomen and pelvis in which an instrument (endoscope) used to view the structures and other instruments are inserted through small incisions, avoiding the need for a large surgical incision
39
learned food aversion
avoidance of certian foods due to association with unpleasant GI symptoms
40
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
the junction between the esophagus and the stomach
41
Nissen fundoplication
a surgical technique used to suture the fundus of the stomach around the esophagus to prevent reflux
42
obstruction
blockage
43
octreotide
medication that mimics the action of somatostatin
44
oral preparatory phase
phase involving the chewing of food and prepartaion of a bolus by the tongue, teeth, and mandible; food is mixed with saliva, pressed against the hard palate, and formed into a bolus
45
oral transit phase
phase in which the tongue moves the bolus to the back of the throat
46
osmolality
number of water-attracting particles per killogram of water (espressed as mOsm/kg)
47
paracrine
describes the neurotransmitter that is released from a cell that is close to the target cell
48
parietal cell
one of the gastric gland cells that lies on the basement membrane vocered by chief cells and secretes hydrochloric acid
49
paptic ulcer disease (PUD)
ulceration or perforation in the lining of the stomach, duodenum, or esophasgus
50
perforation
a break in the integrigty of the tissue
51
periodontal disease
a bacterial infection that destroys the attachment fibers and supporting bone that hold the teeth in the mouth
52
pharyngeal phase
phase in which the involuntary swallowing reflux begins and the bolus is carried through the pharynx to the top of the esophagus; the entrance to the trachea (larynx) closes; and the soft palate lifts and closes off the entrance to the nose
53
plaque
the nonclacified accumulation of oral microogranisms and their by-products that adhere to the teeth
54
proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
class of medications that block the H+, K+-ATPase enzyme, a comonent in the HCI production
55
pyloroplasty
surgical enlargement of the pyloric sphincter
56
reduction and fixation of fracture
a method to surgically repair a bone fracture
57
Sjogren's syndrome
a chronic systematic inflammatory disorder, etiology unknown, characterized by dryness of mucous membranes and destruction of the moisture producing glands
58
somatostatin
a hormone and neurotransmitter that inhibits release of peptide hormones in several tissues
59
sphincter
a cirucular muscle that prevents movement or passage through the circle when contracted; sphincter muscles are location throughout the GI tract and are crucial control factors for peristalsis
60
steatorrhea
escessive fat in the feces
61
stomatitis
inflammation of the membrane in the mouth
62
syncope
temporary loss of consciousness; fainting
63
vagotomy
severing the vvagus nerve; often a component of gastric surgery
64
vagus nerve
tenth cranial nerve; one of its major functions is to coordinate the autonomic nervous system communication between organs of digestion
65
xerostomia
decreased saliva production and dry mouth

DN 402 (6 decks)

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