Chapter 17 - Endocrine System

Question 1

acanthosis nigricans

Answer 1

diffuse, velvety-thickening hyperpigmentation of the skin
nape of neck, area beneath breasts, where skin rubs together or exposed areas like elbows
result of insulin resistance

Question 2

achlohydria

Answer 2

reduction in gastric acid production

Question 3

Addison’s disease

Answer 3

also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency; adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones
fatigue, dizziness, muscle weakness, weight loss, difficulty standing up, vomiting, anxiety, diarrhea, headache, sweating, changes in mood and personality, and joint and muscle pains

Question 4

adrenocortical hormones

Answer 4

steroids derived from the precursor cholesterol

Question 5

alpha-glucosidase

Answer 5

digestive enzyme found in the brush border cells of the small intestine that cleaves more complex carbohydrates into sugars

Question 6

amylin

Answer 6

a hormone synthesized by pancreatic beta-cells that contributes to glucose control during the postprandial period

Question 7

anabolic

Answer 7

related to or promoting building up or synthesis of larger organic molecules from smaller organic molecular subunits

Question 8

anovulation

Answer 8

lack of ovulation during the menstrual cycle

Question 9

autoantibodies

Answer 9

self-antibodies; in the case of autoimmunity affecting the pancreas, these include islet cell autoantibodies autoantibodies to insulin, and autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65)

Question 10

catecholamines

Answer 10

chemical classificaton of adrenomedullary hormones

Question 11

continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)

Answer 11

use of an insulin pump to provide insulin infusion continuously

Question 12

dawn phenomenon

Answer 12

an increase in blood glucose in the early morning, most likely due to increased glucose production in the liver after an overnight fast

Question 13

diabetes mellitus

Answer 13

a diverse group of disorders that share the primary symptom of hyperglycemia resulting from defective insulin production, insulin action, or both

Question 14

epinephrine

Answer 14

a hormone that is secreted from the adrenal medulla; regulates arterial blood pressure and prepares the body for ‘fight or flight” responses; formerly referred to as adrenaline

Question 15

exocrine pancreas

Answer 15

part of the pancreas that secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the duodenal lumen

Question 16

fasting hypoglycemia

Answer 16

also called postabsorptive hypoglycemia, low blood glucose that is often related to underlying disease and can be diagnosed from a blood glucose level below 50mg/dL after an overnight fast, between meals, or after physical activity

Question 17

glucagon

Answer 17

a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that works in concert with insulin to maintain blood glucose levels; it promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis, while inhibiting glycogenesis and triglyceride synthesis

Question 18

GLUT-4

Answer 18

glucose transporter that transports glucose between blood and cells; it is the only glucose transporter responsive to insulin

Question 19

glycemic control

Answer 19

control of blood glucose

Question 20

glycosuria

Answer 20

the presence of glucose in the urine

Question 21

honeymoon phase

Answer 21

the time after diagnosis of T1DM when insulin production is variable

Question 22

hormones

Answer 22

blood-borne chemical messengers that act on target cells located in different part of the body from the endocrine gland that produces them

Question 23

hyperthyroidism

Answer 23

excess thyroid secretionh

Question 24

yporesponsiveness

Answer 24

hormone resistance on the part of target cells/tissues

Question 25

hypothyroidism

Answer 25

deficient thyroid secretion

Question 26

insulin

Answer 26

a hormone produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas to regulate blood glucose; it promotes uptake, utilization, and storage of nutrients

Question 27

insulin resistance

Answer 27

resistance of body cells to the action of insulin

Question 28

ketoacidosis

Answer 28

an acid-base imbalance caused by an increase in concentration of ketones in the blood

Question 29

Kussmaul respirations

Answer 29

rapid, deep, and labored breathing commonly seen in people who have ketoacidosis or who are in a diabetic coma

Question 30

macrosomia

Answer 30

condition of abnormally large infants whose mothers have diabetes

Question 31

myxedematous

Answer 31

characterized by nonpitting edema; noun form is myxedema

Question 32

negative feedback

Answer 32

a regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change, thus maintaining a relatively steady state for the regulated factor

Question 33

negative nitrogen balance

Answer 33

net loss of protein in the body

Question 34

nephropathy

Answer 34

renal disease that results from damage to blood vessels from hyperglycemia

Question 35

neuroglycophenia

Answer 35

inadequate glucose supply to the brain

Question 36

neropathy

Answer 36

disorder of the nerves; symptoms depend on the type of nerves affected

Question 37

norepinephrine

Answer 37

a neurotransmitter released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers, formally referred to as noradrenaline; also a stress hormone that affects parts of the brain where attention and responding actions are controlled

Question 38

oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

Answer 38

timed glucose challenge to examine efficiency of the body in metabolism of glucose

Question 39

oxytocin

Answer 39

a hormone that stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and promotes ejection of milk from mammary glands during breastfeeding

Question 40

pancreatic polypeptide

Answer 40

a polypeptide produced by the F cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; its function is not yet known

Question 41

polydipsia

Answer 41

excessive thirst

Question 42

polyhydramnios

Answer 42

excessive accumulation of amniotic fluid

Question 43

polyphagia

Answer 43

excessive hunger

Question 44

polyuria

Answer 44

frequent urination

Question 45

positive nitrogen balance

Answer 45

net accumulation of protein in the body

Question 46

prediabetes

Answer 46

fasting blood glucose of 100-125 mg/dL

Question 47

reactive hypoglycemia

Answer 47

low blood glucose levels that occur within 4 hours after a meal also called postprandial hypoglycemia; symptoms are similar to those of diabetes-related hypoglycemia and my include hunger, sweating, shakiness, dizziness, light-headedness, sleepiness, confusion, difficulty speaking, anxiety and weakness; a blood glucose level below 70mg/dL at the tie of symptoms and relief after eating will confirm the diagnosis

Question 48

retinopathy

Answer 48

disease of the retina, the tissue layer within the back of the ye that senses light and transmits sensory information to the brain

Question 49

secretagogues

Answer 49

medications that increase secretion of insulin

Question 50

serum osmolality

Answer 50

a measure of the concentration of solute molecules in the blood

Question 51

somatostatin

Answer 51

a hormone produced by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas to control secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland

Question 52

Somogyi effect

Answer 52

early morning hyperglycemia that occurs as a result of nighttime hypoglycemic episodes

Question 53

tropic hormone

Answer 53

a hormone that regulates secretion of another hormone

Question 54

vasopressin

Answer 54

the primary endocrine hormone that regulates urinary h2o loss and overall h2o balance; regulates blood pressure via this hormone's pressure effects on blood vessels