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SS103 - Physiology > Chapter 9: The Nervous System: Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 9: The Nervous System: Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following numbers is closest to the number of neurons in the human brain?

A

1 × 10^11

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2
Q

What type of glial cell is necessary for normal development of the blood-brain barrier?

A

astrocytes

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3
Q

What type of glial cell acts locally to maintain normal electrolyte composition of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

astrocytes

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4
Q

What type of glial cell is a phagocyte?

A

microglia

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5
Q

What type of glial cell contributes to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimerʹs disease?

A

both astrocytes and microglia

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6
Q

What type of glial cell is located in both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?

A

none

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7
Q

Which of the following is the correct order of the meninges, from neural tissue to bone?

A

Pia mater : arachnoid mater : dura mater

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8
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid synthesized?

A

cerebral ventricles

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ________ and is reabsorbed into the venous circulation by special structures called the ________.

A

choroid plexus : arachnoid villi

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10
Q

What are hollow cavities within the brain that are bathed by cerebrospinal fluid?

A

ventricles

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11
Q

Which of the following is NOT an accurate explanation for the reliance of the central nervous system on blood flow?

A

its inability to metabolize ketones

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12
Q

Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system create the blood-brain barrier, thereby restricting what type of movement of molecules into the brain?

A

diffusion of hydrophilic

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13
Q

In order for ions to move across the capillary endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, they must ________

A

be transported across endothelial cells

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14
Q

Which of the following substances requires mediated transport to cross the blood-brain barrier?

A

glucose

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15
Q

What type of glucose transporter is located in the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier?

A

GLUT-1

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16
Q

Which of the following structures is found primarily in white matter?

A

myelinated axons

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17
Q

The outermost layer of the brain is called the ________.

A

cerebral cortex

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18
Q

What are the fibers that connect the cortical regions on one side of the brain with the corresponding cortical region on the other side of the brain?

A

Commissural fibers

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19
Q

The face is innervated by what type of nerves?

A

cranial

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20
Q

Where is the cauda equina?

A

within the vertebral column

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21
Q

Which spinal nerves originate in the neck region?

A

cervical nerves

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22
Q

Which nerves innervate the thigh?

A

lumbar nerves

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23
Q

Which of the following would NOT be found within the gray matter of the spinal cord?

A

afferent neuron cell bodies

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24
Q

Where are the cell bodies of afferent neurons located?

A

dorsal root ganglia

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25
Q

Where are the cell bodies of efferent neurons located?

A

ventral horn

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26
Q

Which of the following is a descending tract?

A

anterior pyramidal tract

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27
Q

An ascending or descending pathway that is located on the same side of the central nervous system integration center is called ________.

A

ipsilateral

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28
Q

What two structures make up the forebrain?

A

cerebrum and diencephalon

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29
Q

Which of the following is NOT a component of the brainstem?

A

cerebellum

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30
Q

Where do most cranial nerves originate?

A

brainstem

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31
Q

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT transmit information associated with a special sense?

A

oculomotor

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32
Q

Which cranial nerve controls the muscles for chewing?

A

trigeminal

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33
Q

The central sulcus separates the ________.

A

frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

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34
Q

Which cerebral lobe contains the visual cortex?

A

occipital lobe

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35
Q

Which cerebral lobe contains the auditory cortex?

A

temporal lobe

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36
Q

Which cerebral lobe contains the primary motor cortex?

A

frontal lobe

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37
Q

Which of the following characteristics is NOT a specialization of the right side of the cerebrum in most individuals?

A

logic

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38
Q

Which of the following characteristics is NOT a specialization of the left side of the cerebrum in most individuals?

A

spatial perception

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39
Q

What region of the diencephalon filters and refines sensory information, allowing us to direct our attention to specific external stimuli?

A

thalamus

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40
Q

What region of the diencephalon provides an important link between the endocrine and nervous system?

A

hypothalamus

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41
Q

The ________ plays a principle role in establishing the circadian rhythm of the body.

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

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42
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

A

contains the cardiovascular control centers

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43
Q

Where is the thermoregulatory center?

A

hypothalamus

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44
Q

Which region of the limbic system is primarily involved in the emotion fear?

A

amygdala

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45
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system?

A

putamen

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46
Q

How is a reflex that requires communication with the brain classified?

A

cranial

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47
Q

How is a reflex that involves signals sent along autonomic sensory nerves classified?

A

visceral

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48
Q

How is a reflex that we are born with classified?

A

innate

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49
Q

How is a reflex that requires only a single synapse between two neurons classified?

A

monosynaptic

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50
Q

Which of the following does NOT describe a type of reflex that occurred when Pavlovʹs dogs salivated in response to the ringing of a bell?

A

spinal

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51
Q

Which of the following reflexes is a monosynaptic reflex found in the human body?

A

muscle spindle stretch reflex

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52
Q

The withdrawal reflex is initiated by activation of what type of receptor?

A

nociceptor

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53
Q

The crossed-extensor reflex is initiated by activation of what type of receptor?

A

nociceptor

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54
Q

Where is the integration center for the pupillary light reflex located?

A

brainstem

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55
Q

The execution of a voluntary motor task involves a series of steps. Which of the following present those steps in the correct order?

A

intent, program, execute, feedback

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56
Q

Which of the following regions of the cortex is NOT involved in formulating the intention to move?

A

primary motor cortex

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57
Q

Which of the following cortical regions is NOT involved in the development of a motor program?

A

limbic system

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58
Q

Which of these brain structures, outside of the cortex, is NOT involved in assisting with motor programming and providing feedback on the execution of a motor program?

A

hypothalamus

59
Q

The efferent neurons that innervate skeletal muscle, and induce them to contract, originate from the ________.

A

ventral horn of the spinal cord

60
Q

What neural pathway provides for the control of fine, discrete movements of the extremities?

A

pyramidal tract

61
Q

What neural pathway provides for the control of large muscle groups that function in posture and balance?

A

extrapyramidal tract

62
Q

Where do lower motor neurons originate?

A

ventral horn of the spinal cord

63
Q

Most pyramidal tract neurons cross to the opposite side of the body in what region?

A

brainstem

64
Q

Which of the following areas of the brain is involved in control of posture?

A

brainstem nuclei

65
Q

What region of the brain provides feedback control of voluntary movement to the motor program that was generated?

A

cerebellum

66
Q

Damage to the cerebellum will lead to which of the following symptoms?

A

the generation of clumsy, poorly directed movements

67
Q

Which of the following structures does NOT have direct neural connections to the cerebellum?

A

thalamus

68
Q

Parkinsonʹs disease appears to target ________ cells within the ________.

A

dopaminergic : substantia nigra

69
Q

What is dementia?

A

loss of mental function

70
Q

What area of the brain controls language comprehension?

A

Wernickeʹs area

71
Q

A person with aphasia would have which of the following symptoms?

A

difficulty in communicating

72
Q

A person with Brocaʹs aphasia has what type of symptom?

A

difficulty speaking words clearly

73
Q

Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a function of sleep?

A

to clear short-term memory

74
Q

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of slow-wave sleep?

A

elaborate and intense dreams

75
Q

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

A

increased parasympathetic activity

76
Q

What is the principle region of the brain involved in the maintenance of an alert, awake state?

A

reticular formation

77
Q

What is the principle region of the brain involved in the initiation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

A

pons

78
Q

What is the principle region of the brain involved in the induction of slow-wave sleep?

A

forebrain

79
Q

What neurotransmitter appears to be involved in initiating slow-wave sleep?

A

adenosine

80
Q

When awake and alert, the brain is generating ________ waves that are detectable with an electroencephalogram.

A

beta

81
Q

When awake but resting, the brain is generating ________ waves that are detectable with an electroencephalogram.

A

alpha

82
Q

During slow-wave sleep, there is a progressive ________ in the strength of stimulus required to awaken a person and a(n) ________ frequency of electroencephalogram (EEG) activity, indicative of a synchronization of EEG activity.

A

increase : reduced

83
Q

During rapid eye movement sleep, there is a(n) ________ in frequency of the electroencephalogram and a(n) ________ in arousal threshold.

A

increase : increase

84
Q

Rapid eye movement (REM) is called paradoxical sleep because ________.

A

people are more likely to awaken spontaneously during REM sleep when arousal
threshold is highest

85
Q

The euphoria that is perceived when one ingests drugs such as opioids or amphetamines results from the activation of the ________ system.

A

dopaminergic

86
Q

Which of the following brain regions is NOT involved in emotion?

A

brainstem

87
Q

What emotion drives addiction?

A

What emotion drives addiction?

88
Q

The transitioning of a memory from short to long term is called ________.

A

consolidation

89
Q

The ability of the nervous system to alter its anatomy and function in response to changes in its activity pattern is called ________.

A

plasticity

90
Q

In long-term potentiation, the enhanced possibility that an activated postsynaptic membrane will generate an action potential is associated with a(n) ________.

A

increased strength of the EPSPs

91
Q

The increased influx of calcium at a postsynaptic terminal with glutamate receptors ________.

A

activates a protein kinase that phosphorylates the AMPA receptor, making it more
sensitive to glutamate

92
Q

In addition to an increase in sensitivity to glutamate, the binding of large amounts of glutamate to its receptors on the postsynaptic membrane also ________.

A

stimulates the release of a paracrine messenger that further increases glutamate release

93
Q

Which of the following best describes events happening during long-term potentiation?

A

The presynaptic cell releases more glutamate compared to nonpotentiated conditions,
and the postsynaptic cell is more sensitive to the glutamate.

94
Q

Which of the following would consist of white matter?

A

dorsal columns of the spinal cord

95
Q

In response to stepping on a nail, the crossed-extensor reflex causes ________.

A

extension of the leg opposite the side of receptor activation

96
Q

A stroke occurring in the basal nuclei could produce which of the following symptoms?

A

muscle rigidity

97
Q

The composition of cerebrospinal fluid is identical to plasma.

A

FALSE

98
Q

The central nervous system is very sensitive to interruptions in blood flow.

A

TRUE

99
Q

Tight junctions between astrocytes form the blood-brain barrier.

A

FALSE

100
Q

The facilitated diffusion of molecules across the blood-brain barrier relies on protein carriers that are specific for the movement of particular molecules.

A

TRUE

101
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is completely recycled every three days.

A

FALSE

102
Q

The central nervous system can only use ketones for energy.

A

FALSE

103
Q

Hydrogen ions cannot permeate the blood-brain barrier.

A

TRUE

104
Q

There are no nerves in the central nervous system.

A

TRUE

105
Q

The spinal cord travels the entire length of the vertebral column.

A

FALSE

106
Q

All spinal nerves are mixed nerves containing both sensory and motor fibers.

A

TRUE

107
Q

A region of the sensory innervation of the body by a certain spinal nerve is called a somatotopic region.

A

FALSE

108
Q

The brainstem is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

A

TRUE

109
Q

The cerebral cortex carries out the highest level of neural processing.

A

TRUE

110
Q

Most of the central nervous system is comprised of (neurons / glial cells).

A

glial cells

111
Q

The three meninges from neural tissue to bone are ________, ________, and ________.

A

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

112
Q

The space between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater that contains cerebrospinal fluid is called ________.

A

subarachnoid space

113
Q

The interstitial fluid of the central nervous system is ________.

A

cerebrospinal fluid

114
Q

The choroid plexus consists of ________, ________, and ________ that are each involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid.

A

pia mater : capillaries : ependymal cells

115
Q

At rest, ________ percent of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the central nervous system as the central nervous system utilizes ________ percent of the oxygen consumed by the body.

A

15% : 20%

116
Q

In a ________, cerebral blood flow is interrupted due to blockage or rupturing of a cerebral blood vessel.

A

stroke

117
Q

The blood-brain barrier is formed by what type of junction between capillary endothelial cells?

A

tight junctions

118
Q

White matter is white due to the presence of what insulating substance?

A

myelin

119
Q

What pathway consists of projection fibers that travel from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord?

A

pyramidal tract

120
Q

Most of the commissural fibers are located within what band of nervous tissue?

A

corpus callosum

121
Q

Brocaʹs area and Wernickeʹs area are regions important in language that are connected by the ________.

A

arcuate fasciculus

122
Q

The body surface is mapped into ________, which are regions that receive sensory information from particular spinal nerves.

A

dermatomes

123
Q

A (spinal tap / epidural) is the removal of a sample of cerebrospinal fluid.

A

spinal tap

124
Q

Cell bodies of somatic efferent neurons are located in the spinal cord (dorsal horn / ventral horn).

A

ventral horn

125
Q

The somatosensory cortex receives information from the (ipsilateral / contralateral) body surface.

A

contralateral

126
Q

The forebrain consists of what two subdivisions?

A

cerebrum and diencephalon

127
Q

The region of the brainstem important in the sleep-wake cycle, the arousal of the cerebral cortex, and in consciousness is known as the ________.

A

reticular formation

128
Q

The temporal lobe is separated from the frontal lobe by the ________.

A

lateral sulcus (or Sylvian fissure)

129
Q

The (hand / arm) has a greater area of motor cortex devoted to its control.

A

hand

130
Q

The (right / left) side of the brain is more associated with logic and analytical ability.

A

left

131
Q

What endocrine gland is attached to the hypothalamus and involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms?

A

pineal gland

132
Q

A(n) ________ is an automatic, patterned response to a sensory stimulus.

A

reflex

133
Q

List the five components of a reflex arc.

A

sensory receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector organ

134
Q

The withdrawal reflex is originated by a sensory receptor called a ________.

A

nociceptor

135
Q

In response to light, activation of the pupillary light reflex causes pupillary (constriction / dilation).

A

constriction

136
Q

Name the three nuclei located within the brainstem that are involved in the control of involuntary posture.

A

reticular formation, vestibular nuclei, red nuclei

137
Q

One of the characteristic signs of cerebellar damage is ________, a sometimes violent shaking that occurs when a person makes a voluntary movement.

A

intention tremor

138
Q

As the night continues, the ________ periods of sleep last longer and occur closer together.

A

rapid eye movement

139
Q

The emotions of anger and aggression appear to originate primarily from within what area of the brain?

A

hypothalamus

140
Q

During REM sleep, the EEG recording shows ________ waves.

A

beta

141
Q

Paradoxical sleep is another name for (REM / SWS) sleep.

A

REM

142
Q

The process of converting short-term memory into long-term memory is called ________.

A

consolidation

143
Q

The ability of the nervous system to adapt anatomically and functionally to changes in its activity is called ________.

A

plasticity

SS103 - Physiology (6 decks)

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