Chapter 9: The Nervous System: Central Nervous System Flashcards
Which of the following numbers is closest to the number of neurons in the human brain?
1 × 10^11
What type of glial cell is necessary for normal development of the blood-brain barrier?
astrocytes
What type of glial cell acts locally to maintain normal electrolyte composition of the cerebrospinal fluid?
astrocytes
What type of glial cell is a phagocyte?
microglia
What type of glial cell contributes to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimerʹs disease?
both astrocytes and microglia
What type of glial cell is located in both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?
none
Which of the following is the correct order of the meninges, from neural tissue to bone?
Pia mater : arachnoid mater : dura mater
Where is cerebrospinal fluid synthesized?
cerebral ventricles
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ________ and is reabsorbed into the venous circulation by special structures called the ________.
choroid plexus : arachnoid villi
What are hollow cavities within the brain that are bathed by cerebrospinal fluid?
ventricles
Which of the following is NOT an accurate explanation for the reliance of the central nervous system on blood flow?
its inability to metabolize ketones
Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system create the blood-brain barrier, thereby restricting what type of movement of molecules into the brain?
diffusion of hydrophilic
In order for ions to move across the capillary endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, they must ________
be transported across endothelial cells
Which of the following substances requires mediated transport to cross the blood-brain barrier?
glucose
What type of glucose transporter is located in the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier?
GLUT-1
Which of the following structures is found primarily in white matter?
myelinated axons
The outermost layer of the brain is called the ________.
cerebral cortex
What are the fibers that connect the cortical regions on one side of the brain with the corresponding cortical region on the other side of the brain?
Commissural fibers
The face is innervated by what type of nerves?
cranial
Where is the cauda equina?
within the vertebral column
Which spinal nerves originate in the neck region?
cervical nerves
Which nerves innervate the thigh?
lumbar nerves
Which of the following would NOT be found within the gray matter of the spinal cord?
afferent neuron cell bodies
Where are the cell bodies of afferent neurons located?
dorsal root ganglia
Where are the cell bodies of efferent neurons located?
ventral horn
Which of the following is a descending tract?
anterior pyramidal tract
An ascending or descending pathway that is located on the same side of the central nervous system integration center is called ________.
ipsilateral
What two structures make up the forebrain?
cerebrum and diencephalon
Which of the following is NOT a component of the brainstem?
cerebellum
Where do most cranial nerves originate?
brainstem
Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT transmit information associated with a special sense?
oculomotor
Which cranial nerve controls the muscles for chewing?
trigeminal
The central sulcus separates the ________.
frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Which cerebral lobe contains the visual cortex?
occipital lobe
Which cerebral lobe contains the auditory cortex?
temporal lobe
Which cerebral lobe contains the primary motor cortex?
frontal lobe
Which of the following characteristics is NOT a specialization of the right side of the cerebrum in most individuals?
logic
Which of the following characteristics is NOT a specialization of the left side of the cerebrum in most individuals?
spatial perception
What region of the diencephalon filters and refines sensory information, allowing us to direct our attention to specific external stimuli?
thalamus
What region of the diencephalon provides an important link between the endocrine and nervous system?
hypothalamus
The ________ plays a principle role in establishing the circadian rhythm of the body.
suprachiasmatic nucleus
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
contains the cardiovascular control centers
Where is the thermoregulatory center?
hypothalamus
Which region of the limbic system is primarily involved in the emotion fear?
amygdala
Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system?
putamen
How is a reflex that requires communication with the brain classified?
cranial
How is a reflex that involves signals sent along autonomic sensory nerves classified?
visceral
How is a reflex that we are born with classified?
innate
How is a reflex that requires only a single synapse between two neurons classified?
monosynaptic
Which of the following does NOT describe a type of reflex that occurred when Pavlovʹs dogs salivated in response to the ringing of a bell?
spinal
Which of the following reflexes is a monosynaptic reflex found in the human body?
muscle spindle stretch reflex
The withdrawal reflex is initiated by activation of what type of receptor?
nociceptor
The crossed-extensor reflex is initiated by activation of what type of receptor?
nociceptor
Where is the integration center for the pupillary light reflex located?
brainstem
The execution of a voluntary motor task involves a series of steps. Which of the following present those steps in the correct order?
intent, program, execute, feedback
Which of the following regions of the cortex is NOT involved in formulating the intention to move?
primary motor cortex
Which of the following cortical regions is NOT involved in the development of a motor program?
limbic system
Which of these brain structures, outside of the cortex, is NOT involved in assisting with motor programming and providing feedback on the execution of a motor program?
hypothalamus
The efferent neurons that innervate skeletal muscle, and induce them to contract, originate from the ________.
ventral horn of the spinal cord
What neural pathway provides for the control of fine, discrete movements of the extremities?
pyramidal tract
What neural pathway provides for the control of large muscle groups that function in posture and balance?
extrapyramidal tract
Where do lower motor neurons originate?
ventral horn of the spinal cord
Most pyramidal tract neurons cross to the opposite side of the body in what region?
brainstem
Which of the following areas of the brain is involved in control of posture?
brainstem nuclei
What region of the brain provides feedback control of voluntary movement to the motor program that was generated?
cerebellum
Damage to the cerebellum will lead to which of the following symptoms?
the generation of clumsy, poorly directed movements
Which of the following structures does NOT have direct neural connections to the cerebellum?
thalamus
Parkinsonʹs disease appears to target ________ cells within the ________.
dopaminergic : substantia nigra
What is dementia?
loss of mental function
What area of the brain controls language comprehension?
Wernickeʹs area
A person with aphasia would have which of the following symptoms?
difficulty in communicating
A person with Brocaʹs aphasia has what type of symptom?
difficulty speaking words clearly
Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a function of sleep?
to clear short-term memory
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of slow-wave sleep?
elaborate and intense dreams
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?
increased parasympathetic activity
What is the principle region of the brain involved in the maintenance of an alert, awake state?
reticular formation
What is the principle region of the brain involved in the initiation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?
pons
What is the principle region of the brain involved in the induction of slow-wave sleep?
forebrain
What neurotransmitter appears to be involved in initiating slow-wave sleep?
adenosine
When awake and alert, the brain is generating ________ waves that are detectable with an electroencephalogram.
beta
When awake but resting, the brain is generating ________ waves that are detectable with an electroencephalogram.
alpha
During slow-wave sleep, there is a progressive ________ in the strength of stimulus required to awaken a person and a(n) ________ frequency of electroencephalogram (EEG) activity, indicative of a synchronization of EEG activity.
increase : reduced
During rapid eye movement sleep, there is a(n) ________ in frequency of the electroencephalogram and a(n) ________ in arousal threshold.
increase : increase
Rapid eye movement (REM) is called paradoxical sleep because ________.
people are more likely to awaken spontaneously during REM sleep when arousal
threshold is highest
The euphoria that is perceived when one ingests drugs such as opioids or amphetamines results from the activation of the ________ system.
dopaminergic
Which of the following brain regions is NOT involved in emotion?
brainstem
What emotion drives addiction?
What emotion drives addiction?
The transitioning of a memory from short to long term is called ________.
consolidation
The ability of the nervous system to alter its anatomy and function in response to changes in its activity pattern is called ________.
plasticity
In long-term potentiation, the enhanced possibility that an activated postsynaptic membrane will generate an action potential is associated with a(n) ________.
increased strength of the EPSPs
The increased influx of calcium at a postsynaptic terminal with glutamate receptors ________.
activates a protein kinase that phosphorylates the AMPA receptor, making it more
sensitive to glutamate
In addition to an increase in sensitivity to glutamate, the binding of large amounts of glutamate to its receptors on the postsynaptic membrane also ________.
stimulates the release of a paracrine messenger that further increases glutamate release
Which of the following best describes events happening during long-term potentiation?
The presynaptic cell releases more glutamate compared to nonpotentiated conditions,
and the postsynaptic cell is more sensitive to the glutamate.
Which of the following would consist of white matter?
dorsal columns of the spinal cord
In response to stepping on a nail, the crossed-extensor reflex causes ________.
extension of the leg opposite the side of receptor activation
A stroke occurring in the basal nuclei could produce which of the following symptoms?
muscle rigidity
The composition of cerebrospinal fluid is identical to plasma.
FALSE
The central nervous system is very sensitive to interruptions in blood flow.
TRUE
Tight junctions between astrocytes form the blood-brain barrier.
FALSE
The facilitated diffusion of molecules across the blood-brain barrier relies on protein carriers that are specific for the movement of particular molecules.
TRUE
Cerebrospinal fluid is completely recycled every three days.
FALSE
The central nervous system can only use ketones for energy.
FALSE
Hydrogen ions cannot permeate the blood-brain barrier.
TRUE
There are no nerves in the central nervous system.
TRUE
The spinal cord travels the entire length of the vertebral column.
FALSE
All spinal nerves are mixed nerves containing both sensory and motor fibers.
TRUE
A region of the sensory innervation of the body by a certain spinal nerve is called a somatotopic region.
FALSE
The brainstem is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
TRUE
The cerebral cortex carries out the highest level of neural processing.
TRUE
Most of the central nervous system is comprised of (neurons / glial cells).
glial cells
The three meninges from neural tissue to bone are ________, ________, and ________.
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
The space between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater that contains cerebrospinal fluid is called ________.
subarachnoid space
The interstitial fluid of the central nervous system is ________.
cerebrospinal fluid
The choroid plexus consists of ________, ________, and ________ that are each involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid.
pia mater : capillaries : ependymal cells
At rest, ________ percent of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the central nervous system as the central nervous system utilizes ________ percent of the oxygen consumed by the body.
15% : 20%
In a ________, cerebral blood flow is interrupted due to blockage or rupturing of a cerebral blood vessel.
stroke
The blood-brain barrier is formed by what type of junction between capillary endothelial cells?
tight junctions
White matter is white due to the presence of what insulating substance?
myelin
What pathway consists of projection fibers that travel from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord?
pyramidal tract
Most of the commissural fibers are located within what band of nervous tissue?
corpus callosum
Brocaʹs area and Wernickeʹs area are regions important in language that are connected by the ________.
arcuate fasciculus
The body surface is mapped into ________, which are regions that receive sensory information from particular spinal nerves.
dermatomes
A (spinal tap / epidural) is the removal of a sample of cerebrospinal fluid.
spinal tap
Cell bodies of somatic efferent neurons are located in the spinal cord (dorsal horn / ventral horn).
ventral horn
The somatosensory cortex receives information from the (ipsilateral / contralateral) body surface.
contralateral
The forebrain consists of what two subdivisions?
cerebrum and diencephalon
The region of the brainstem important in the sleep-wake cycle, the arousal of the cerebral cortex, and in consciousness is known as the ________.
reticular formation
The temporal lobe is separated from the frontal lobe by the ________.
lateral sulcus (or Sylvian fissure)
The (hand / arm) has a greater area of motor cortex devoted to its control.
hand
The (right / left) side of the brain is more associated with logic and analytical ability.
left
What endocrine gland is attached to the hypothalamus and involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms?
pineal gland
A(n) ________ is an automatic, patterned response to a sensory stimulus.
reflex
List the five components of a reflex arc.
sensory receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector organ
The withdrawal reflex is originated by a sensory receptor called a ________.
nociceptor
In response to light, activation of the pupillary light reflex causes pupillary (constriction / dilation).
constriction
Name the three nuclei located within the brainstem that are involved in the control of involuntary posture.
reticular formation, vestibular nuclei, red nuclei
One of the characteristic signs of cerebellar damage is ________, a sometimes violent shaking that occurs when a person makes a voluntary movement.
intention tremor
As the night continues, the ________ periods of sleep last longer and occur closer together.
rapid eye movement
The emotions of anger and aggression appear to originate primarily from within what area of the brain?
hypothalamus
During REM sleep, the EEG recording shows ________ waves.
beta
Paradoxical sleep is another name for (REM / SWS) sleep.
REM
The process of converting short-term memory into long-term memory is called ________.
consolidation
The ability of the nervous system to adapt anatomically and functionally to changes in its activity is called ________.
plasticity
