Chapter 6: The Endocrine System Flashcards
secondary endocrine organ
an organ that secretes hormones, but is better known for another function
which endocrine organ is located in the brain?
hypothalamus
What is another name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
neurohypophysis
What hormone released by the posterior pituitary functions in uterine contraction and milk letdown in the breast?
Oxytocin
Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by ________ released from the ________.
releasing hormones : hypothalamus
What ensure(s) that blood levels of a specific releasing hormone are locally high in order to stimulate the pituitary?
hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
what is not a hormone released from the anterior pituitary
prolactin inhibiting hormone
Which tropic hormone is responsible for controlling the release of follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary?
gonadotropin releasing hormone
correctly describe a pathway for secretion of a hormone under the control of tropic hormones?
GHRH stimulates GH release, which stimulates insulin-like growth factor release.
Which of the following tropic hormones is a catecholamine?
prolactin-inhibiting hormone
Which of the following is a correct example of long-loop negative feedback?
Glucocorticoids inhibit the release of CRH.
Which of the following is a correct example of short-loop negative feedback?
TSH inhibits the release of TRH.
The release of ________ from the pineal gland is important for establishing ________.
melatonin : circadian rhythm
The thyroid gland secretes what hormone?
both thyroid hormones and calcitonin
What is triiodothyronine?
a thyroid hormone secreted from the thyroid gland
Which of the following hormones is NOT released from the adrenal gland?
adrenocorticotropic hormone
Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the endocrine region of the pancreas?
glucocorticoids
What layer of the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids?
zona glomerulosa only
What layer of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens?
both zonae reticularis and fasciculata
What region of the adrenal gland secretes epinephrine?
medulla
What cells secrete epinephrine from the adrenal medulla?
chromaffin cells
Which of the following is an incorrect association between pancreatic cell type and hormone secreted?
Epsilon cells secrete calcitonin.
Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by gonads?
oxytocin
What anterior pituitary hormone is NOT a tropic hormone?
prolactin
Which of the following hormones regulates plasma calcium levels?
both calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
What hormone is secreted by the heart?
atrial natriuretic peptide
Where does the neural input for circadian rhythmicity of hypothalamic tropic hormones originate?
suprachiasmatic nucleus
Abnormal hormone secretions from an endocrine gland due to altered tropic hormone release are called ________.
secondary secretion disorders
Which of the following changes in plasma levels would be observed in a primary hyposecretion of cortisol?
increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
A person has a tumor in the hypothalamus causing an excess in TRH secretion. Which of the following correctly describes changes in plasma levels of hormones?
increased TRH, increased TSH, and increased thyroid hormones
A person has a tumor in the anterior pituitary causing a decrease in ACTH secretion. Which of the following correctly describes changes in plasma levels of hormones?
increased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of insulin catabolism in target cells?
degradation by insulin-degrading enzyme following receptor-mediated endocytosis
When the response to two hormones is equal to the sum of their individual responses, the response is described as ________.
additive
When the response to two hormones is greater than the sum of the individual responses, the response is described as ________.
synergistic
A releasing hormone is a type of tropic hormone.
TRUE
The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary by the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system.
FALSE
The secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is controlled by hypothalamic tropic hormones.
TRUE
Growth hormone functions as both a tropic hormone and as a hormone that acts on target cells throughout the body.
TRUE
The only non-peptide/protein tropic hormone is somatostatin.
FALSE
The only non-peptide/protein tropic hormone is dopamine.
TRUE
The release of LH and FSH by the anterior pituitary is under control of the same hypothalamic tropic hormone.
TRUE
In a short negative feedback loop, a tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary inhibits the release of its own releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.
TRUE
The hormone thymosin is released from the thyroid gland.
FALSE
The thyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone.
FALSE
The parathyroid glands secrete calcitonin.
FALSE
The zona fasciculata secretes both androgens and glucocorticoids.
TRUE
All hormones of the adrenal cortex are steroid hormones.
TRUE
The skin is necessary for the activation of calcitonin.
FALSE
Insulin-like growth factors are secreted by the liver and function to promote tissue growth.
TRUE
The magnitude of response at the target cell depends on both the concentration of hormone and the concentration of receptor.
TRUE
All hormones are required to be bound to carrier proteins in order to be active.
FALSE
Hormones transported in blood bound to proteins are metabolized more slowly than those traveling dissolved in plasma.
TRUE
Regulation of insulin release by blood glucose levels is an example of humoral control of hormone secretion.
TRUE
Growth hormone has direct action on target cells throughout the body.
TRUE
Much of the insulin is removed from the blood as it passes through the liver.
TRUE
Kidney cells contain insulin-degrading enzyme.
TRUE
adrenal cortex has what hormones
aldosterone
androgens
cortisol
thyroid gland has what hormones
calcitonin
pancreas is associated with what hormone
insulin
somatostatin
glucagon
posterior pituitary is associated with what hormone
vasopressin
oxytocin
adrenal medulla is associated with what hormones
epinephrine
f cells (pancreatic) secrete what hormone
pancreatic polypeptide
delta cells (pancreatic) secrete what hormone
somatostatin
beta cells (pancreatic) secrete what hormone
insulin
alpha cells (pancreatic) secrete what hormone
glucagon
What is the name of the stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?
infundibulum
What are hormones that regulate the release of other hormones called?
tropic hormones
What is the hormone whose release is stimulated by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in men?
inhibin
Name the two hormones released in females in response to LH.
estrogens and progesterones
Inhibition of TRH release by the thyroid hormones is an example of (long-loop / short-loop) negative feedback.
long loop
What hormone released from the thyroid gland regulates blood calcium?
calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone regulates blood levels of what ion?
calcium
Aldosterone is secreted by which layer(s) of cells within the adrenal cortex?
zona glomerulosa
What cells of the adrenal medulla secrete catecholamines?
chromaffin cells
Identify the two classes of input that can alter the secretion of hormones.
neural signals and humoral signals
An alteration within the anterior pituitary that decreases the secretion of thyroid hormone would be termed a ________ disorder.
secondary secretion
Acromegaly is caused by a(n) (increase / decrease) in growth hormone in adults.
increase
A hormone is ________ when a second hormone is required for the first hormone to have any activity.
permissive
What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down insulin in target cells?
insulin-degrading enzyme
What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down insulin in kidney cells?
insulin-degrading enzyme
