Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology Flashcards
Cells
the smallest living units capable of carrying out their own basic life functions
Erythrocytes
carry oxygen to the cells of the body, while the synthesis of these cells is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin
which cells are not one of the major cell types found in the human body
endocrine cells
which tissue is not a primary type of tissue
skeletal
muscle tissue
this tissue type generates mechanical force and movement, and whose activity is controlled both on a voluntary and involuntary level.
specialised for contraction and generation of force.
what type of tissue functions in the transport of specific molecules from one body compartment to another
epithelial tissue
what tissue type lines internal hollow organs and external surfaces of the body, providing a barrier between the internal and external environment?
epithelial tissue
glands are derived from what type of tissue
epithelial
what type of tissue lines exocrine glands
epithelial
endocrine glands are derived from what type of tissue
epithelial
what type of gland secretes products into ducts leading to the external environment
exocrine glands
which tissue type includes cells contained in an extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastin
connective tissue
what is the general name for the non-cellular material that holds the widely scattered cells of connective tissue together?
extracellular matrix
collagen
a protein found In the body that provides the tensile strength to resist stretching
connective tissue
a tissue type that includes cells found within blood and bones
what are the structures that attach bone to muscle called
tendons
organs of the body are defined as
a combination of two or more tissues that makes a structure which performs specific functions
the order of complexity for the components of the body, from least to most complex
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
gastrointestinal system
organ system primarily involved in the process of digestion
what two organ systems do the kidneys belong to
endocrine and urinary systems
absorption
the uptake of nutrients across the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and into the bloodstream
endocrine system
organ system that includes the pituitary gland, adrenal gland and thyroid gland
immune system
organ system that protects the body against pathogens and abnormal cells
what organ system functions in communication between cells of the body
both nervous and endocrine
what type of tissue separates the internal from the external environment
epithelial
the lumen of which system is part of the internal environment
cardiovascular
what separates the internal environment of the body from the external environment
epithelium
filtration
the process whereby fluid from the bloodstream enters the tubules of the kidneys
reabsorption
the process whereby fluid in the kidneys is transported from the tubules back into the bloodstream
referring to a membrane as ‘selectively permeable’ describes its ability to
restrict the movement of particular molecules across a membrane
extracellular fluid is composed of
interstitial fluid and plasma
total body water is composed of
intracellular and extracellular fluid
where is most of our total body water
inside cells
which compartments contain most of the water found in the human body
intracellular fluid
what are the two extracellular fluid compartments of the body
interstitial fluid and plasma
interstitial fluid
the portion of the body water outside of cells that bathes most cells of the body. The fluid compartment with a high sodium concentration that contains only trace amounts of protein
plasma
The fluid compartment with a high sodium and protein concentration
intracellular fluid
rich in proteins and potassium
homeostasis
process whereby the body maintains a constant internal environment
What is the primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis?
negative feedback
Changes in the external environment alter the ________, which is detected by the ________, and that information is sent to the integrator.
regulated variable : sensor
integrator
determines the extent of the error signal in a feedback loop, in order to initiate the appropriate response.
example of negative feedback
If blood pressure increases above normal, baroreceptors in major arteries detect the
change and send signals to the brain. Certain areas of the brain then send signals to the nerves that control the heart and blood vessels to make the heart beat slower and the blood vessels increase in diameter, which in turn reduce the blood pressure.
a positive feedback loop example
Luteinizing hormone-mediated regulation of estrogen during ovulation in women
The positive feedback loop involving luteinizing hormone and estrogen is terminated by
ovulation, which decreases oestrogen secretion
what is a normal blood glucose level
100 mg/dL
What is the difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus?
one is a deficit in insulin activity, the other a deficit in ADH activity
What cells secrete insulin?
beta cells of the pancreas
Approximately what percentage of people living in the United States suffer from diabetes mellitus
8%
Who would be more prone to develop diabetes mellitus type II?
obese hispanic adult
What percentage of adults in the United States is obese?
30%
Type I diabetes mellitus is also known as ________.
juvenile onset diabetes mellitus
Physiologists use research tools from different fields that include biochemistry and cell biology.
TRUE
Cardiac muscle is located in the heart.
TRUE
Connective tissue forms both endocrine and exocrine glands.
FALSE
Exocrine glands secrete hormones.
FALSE
The immune system protects the body from invading microorganisms.
TRUE
Most of the cells of the body are able to directly exchange materials with the external environment.
FALSE
The internal and external environments are separated by the selectively permeable membranes of epithelial cells.
TRUE
The most abundant substance in the body is carbon.
FALSE
Intracellular and extracellular fluid are of the same ion composition.
FALSE
The homeostatic mechanisms of the body are unlimited in their ability to respond to changes in the external environment.
FALSE
Blood glucose is a regulated variable.
TRUE
Effectors bring about a final response in a negative feedback loop.
TRUE
Positive feedback loops are impossible to stop once they have begun.
FALSE
All forms of diabetes involve a decrease in plasma levels of insulin.
FALSE
Diabetes mellitus requires insulin injections for maintenance.
FALSE
Once a person develops gestational diabetes, she will have diabetes for life?
FALSE
People with a body mass index (BMI) less than 25 are most prone to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus.
FALSE
Cases of diabetes mellitus are increasing throughout the world, not just in the United States.
TRUE
Obesity predisposes a person to develop type 1 diabetes mellitus.
FALSE
Diabetes mellitus causes hyperglycemia.
TRUE
what is the function of nervous tissue?
conducts signals via electrical impulses
what is the function of muscle tissue
contracts to generate a force
what is the function of epithelial tissue
specialised for exchange of material
what is the function of connective tissue
provides structural support
what is the function of absorption
Movement from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract to blood.
what is the function of excretion
Elimination from the body.
what is the function of filtration
Movement from blood into the kidney tubules.
The specific structures that attach bone to bone are called
ligaments
the layer of epithelial cells that coats the inside (lumen) of blood vessels is called the
endothelium
lumen
the interior compartment of a hollow organ or vessel.
What organ system(s) provides communication between the cells of the body?
nervous and endocrine
secretion
The process whereby enzymes are moved into the gastrointestinal tract to digest nutrients
excretion
The process whereby fluid and ions that have not been removed by the kidneys exit the body as urine
plasma
The fluid (non-cellular) portion of blood
What cells secrete insulin and where are they located?
beta cells located in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is also called
type 1 diabetes mellitus or juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus
Body mass index is a measure of weight in kilograms relative to __
height in metres (squared)
