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SS103 - Physiology > Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

the smallest living units capable of carrying out their own basic life functions

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2
Q

Erythrocytes

A

carry oxygen to the cells of the body, while the synthesis of these cells is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin

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3
Q

which cells are not one of the major cell types found in the human body

A

endocrine cells

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4
Q

which tissue is not a primary type of tissue

A

skeletal

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5
Q

muscle tissue

A

this tissue type generates mechanical force and movement, and whose activity is controlled both on a voluntary and involuntary level.
specialised for contraction and generation of force.

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6
Q

what type of tissue functions in the transport of specific molecules from one body compartment to another

A

epithelial tissue

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7
Q

what tissue type lines internal hollow organs and external surfaces of the body, providing a barrier between the internal and external environment?

A

epithelial tissue

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8
Q

glands are derived from what type of tissue

A

epithelial

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9
Q

what type of tissue lines exocrine glands

A

epithelial

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10
Q

endocrine glands are derived from what type of tissue

A

epithelial

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11
Q

what type of gland secretes products into ducts leading to the external environment

A

exocrine glands

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12
Q

which tissue type includes cells contained in an extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastin

A

connective tissue

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13
Q

what is the general name for the non-cellular material that holds the widely scattered cells of connective tissue together?

A

extracellular matrix

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14
Q

collagen

A

a protein found In the body that provides the tensile strength to resist stretching

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15
Q

connective tissue

A

a tissue type that includes cells found within blood and bones

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16
Q

what are the structures that attach bone to muscle called

A

tendons

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17
Q

organs of the body are defined as

A

a combination of two or more tissues that makes a structure which performs specific functions

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18
Q

the order of complexity for the components of the body, from least to most complex

A

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

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19
Q

gastrointestinal system

A

organ system primarily involved in the process of digestion

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20
Q

what two organ systems do the kidneys belong to

A

endocrine and urinary systems

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21
Q

absorption

A

the uptake of nutrients across the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and into the bloodstream

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22
Q

endocrine system

A

organ system that includes the pituitary gland, adrenal gland and thyroid gland

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23
Q

immune system

A

organ system that protects the body against pathogens and abnormal cells

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24
Q

what organ system functions in communication between cells of the body

A

both nervous and endocrine

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25
Q

what type of tissue separates the internal from the external environment

A

epithelial

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26
Q

the lumen of which system is part of the internal environment

A

cardiovascular

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27
Q

what separates the internal environment of the body from the external environment

A

epithelium

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28
Q

filtration

A

the process whereby fluid from the bloodstream enters the tubules of the kidneys

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29
Q

reabsorption

A

the process whereby fluid in the kidneys is transported from the tubules back into the bloodstream

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30
Q

referring to a membrane as ‘selectively permeable’ describes its ability to

A

restrict the movement of particular molecules across a membrane

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31
Q

extracellular fluid is composed of

A

interstitial fluid and plasma

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32
Q

total body water is composed of

A

intracellular and extracellular fluid

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33
Q

where is most of our total body water

A

inside cells

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34
Q

which compartments contain most of the water found in the human body

A

intracellular fluid

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35
Q

what are the two extracellular fluid compartments of the body

A

interstitial fluid and plasma

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36
Q

interstitial fluid

A

the portion of the body water outside of cells that bathes most cells of the body. The fluid compartment with a high sodium concentration that contains only trace amounts of protein

37
Q

plasma

A

The fluid compartment with a high sodium and protein concentration

38
Q

intracellular fluid

A

rich in proteins and potassium

39
Q

homeostasis

A

process whereby the body maintains a constant internal environment

40
Q

What is the primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis?

A

negative feedback

41
Q

Changes in the external environment alter the ________, which is detected by the ________, and that information is sent to the integrator.

A

regulated variable : sensor

42
Q

integrator

A

determines the extent of the error signal in a feedback loop, in order to initiate the appropriate response.

43
Q

example of negative feedback

A

If blood pressure increases above normal, baroreceptors in major arteries detect the
change and send signals to the brain. Certain areas of the brain then send signals to the nerves that control the heart and blood vessels to make the heart beat slower and the blood vessels increase in diameter, which in turn reduce the blood pressure.

44
Q

a positive feedback loop example

A

Luteinizing hormone-mediated regulation of estrogen during ovulation in women

45
Q

The positive feedback loop involving luteinizing hormone and estrogen is terminated by

A

ovulation, which decreases oestrogen secretion

46
Q

what is a normal blood glucose level

A

100 mg/dL

47
Q

What is the difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus?

A

one is a deficit in insulin activity, the other a deficit in ADH activity

48
Q

What cells secrete insulin?

A

beta cells of the pancreas

49
Q

Approximately what percentage of people living in the United States suffer from diabetes mellitus

A

8%

50
Q

Who would be more prone to develop diabetes mellitus type II?

A

obese hispanic adult

51
Q

What percentage of adults in the United States is obese?

A

30%

52
Q

Type I diabetes mellitus is also known as ________.

A

juvenile onset diabetes mellitus

53
Q

Physiologists use research tools from different fields that include biochemistry and cell biology.

A

TRUE

54
Q

Cardiac muscle is located in the heart.

A

TRUE

55
Q

Connective tissue forms both endocrine and exocrine glands.

A

FALSE

56
Q

Exocrine glands secrete hormones.

A

FALSE

57
Q

The immune system protects the body from invading microorganisms.

A

TRUE

58
Q

Most of the cells of the body are able to directly exchange materials with the external environment.

A

FALSE

59
Q

The internal and external environments are separated by the selectively permeable membranes of epithelial cells.

A

TRUE

60
Q

The most abundant substance in the body is carbon.

A

FALSE

61
Q

Intracellular and extracellular fluid are of the same ion composition.

A

FALSE

62
Q

The homeostatic mechanisms of the body are unlimited in their ability to respond to changes in the external environment.

A

FALSE

63
Q

Blood glucose is a regulated variable.

A

TRUE

64
Q

Effectors bring about a final response in a negative feedback loop.

A

TRUE

65
Q

Positive feedback loops are impossible to stop once they have begun.

A

FALSE

66
Q

All forms of diabetes involve a decrease in plasma levels of insulin.

A

FALSE

67
Q

Diabetes mellitus requires insulin injections for maintenance.

A

FALSE

68
Q

Once a person develops gestational diabetes, she will have diabetes for life?

A

FALSE

69
Q

People with a body mass index (BMI) less than 25 are most prone to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus.

A

FALSE

70
Q

Cases of diabetes mellitus are increasing throughout the world, not just in the United States.

A

TRUE

71
Q

Obesity predisposes a person to develop type 1 diabetes mellitus.

A

FALSE

72
Q

Diabetes mellitus causes hyperglycemia.

A

TRUE

73
Q

what is the function of nervous tissue?

A

conducts signals via electrical impulses

74
Q

what is the function of muscle tissue

A

contracts to generate a force

75
Q

what is the function of epithelial tissue

A

specialised for exchange of material

76
Q

what is the function of connective tissue

A

provides structural support

77
Q

what is the function of absorption

A

Movement from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract to blood.

78
Q

what is the function of excretion

A

Elimination from the body.

79
Q

what is the function of filtration

A

Movement from blood into the kidney tubules.

80
Q

The specific structures that attach bone to bone are called

A

ligaments

81
Q

the layer of epithelial cells that coats the inside (lumen) of blood vessels is called the

A

endothelium

82
Q

lumen

A

the interior compartment of a hollow organ or vessel.

83
Q

What organ system(s) provides communication between the cells of the body?

A

nervous and endocrine

84
Q

secretion

A

The process whereby enzymes are moved into the gastrointestinal tract to digest nutrients

85
Q

excretion

A

The process whereby fluid and ions that have not been removed by the kidneys exit the body as urine

86
Q

plasma

A

The fluid (non-cellular) portion of blood

87
Q

What cells secrete insulin and where are they located?

A

beta cells located in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

88
Q

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is also called

A

type 1 diabetes mellitus or juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus

89
Q

Body mass index is a measure of weight in kilograms relative to __

A

height in metres (squared)

SS103 - Physiology (6 decks)

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