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Agricultural Science - Leaving Cert 2018 > Chapter 9 - The Digestive System - REVISION > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - The Digestive System - REVISION Flashcards

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1
Q

What is digestion?

A

Digestion is the breakdown of food into components which can be used within the body.

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2
Q

What two ways does digestion occur in?

A

Digestion occurs in two ways: mechanical and chemical.

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3
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces.

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4
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Chemical digestion is the chemical breakdown of food by substances known as enzymes.

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5
Q

What part of the body does chemical and mechanical digestion first occur?

A

The mouth.

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6
Q

What is the first stage of the digestive process?

A

Ingestion

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7
Q

What is ingestion

A

Ingestion is the intake of food into the mouth where it is chewed and swallowed.

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8
Q

Where does the initial stages of digestion take place? with the aid of what?

A

The mouth, with the aid of the teeth, tongue and salivary glands.

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9
Q

What stage of the digestive process does mechanical and chemical digestion take place first?

A

Ingestion.

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10
Q

Where does mechanical digestion begin?

A

Mechanical digestion begins with the teeth.

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11
Q

What are teeth used for in the first stages of what?

A

Teeth are used in the first stages of digestion to break up food into smaller pieces by tearing, crushing and grinding it.

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12
Q

What are the four types of tooth?

A

Incisor, Canine, Premolar and Molar.

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13
Q

What is related to the diet of the animal?

A

The number and type of teeth present in an animal’s mouth is related to the diet of the animal.

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14
Q

Define Incisors

A

Chisel-like teeth used for cutting and biting.

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15
Q

Define Canines

A

Pointed and sharp teeth used for tearing food.

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16
Q

Define Premolar

A

Relatively flat teeth used for grinding.

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17
Q

Define Molar

A

Flat teeth used for crushing food.

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18
Q

Be able to draw the LS of a tooth (pg 109)

A

Read

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19
Q

What do Herbivores eat?

A

Herbivores eat plant materials only.

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20
Q

What do herbivores use their molars and premolars for?

A

Crushing and grinding material such as grass.

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21
Q

Name 3 Herbivores

A

Cattle, Sheep and Horses.

22
Q

What do Carnivores eat?

A

Carnivores eat meat.

23
Q

What do carnivores use for tearing what?

A

Carnivores use their canine teeth for tearing flesh.

24
Q

What do Omnivores eat? Give an example of an omnivore.

A

Omnivores eat both plant material and meat. Pigs are an example of an omnivore.

25
Q

_____ do not have a specialised _____ but use all the types of _____ listed to aid _____ of a variety of foods.

A

Omnivores do not have a specialised dentition but use all the types of teeth listed to aid digestion of a variety of foods.

26
Q

What is the dental formula of a pig?

A

I:3/3 C:1/1 P:4/4 M:3/3

27
Q

How many teeth does a pig have?

A

44 teeth.

28
Q

How many teeth does a pig have on its upper jaw?

A

22 teeth.

29
Q

How many teeth does a pig have on its lower jaw?

A

22 teeth.

30
Q

What is the dental formula of a herbivore (cow, sheep or goat)

A

I:0/3 C:0/1 P:3/3 M3/3

31
Q

What is the dental formula for a sheep?

A

I:0/4 C:0/0 P:3/3 M:3/3

32
Q

What is the diastema ?

A

The gap between the front teeth and the premolars is known as diastema.

33
Q

What can the diastema do?

A

It can store ingested material while the animal is chewing.

34
Q

Draw sheep dentition diagram

A

Read

35
Q

What, in sheep, is very similar to an incisor and may be considered an incisor ?

A

The canine tooth

36
Q

What is dentition

A

The arrangement of teeth in a particular individual or species.

37
Q

How many pairs of salivary glands does the mouth have?

A

The mouth has three pairs of salivary glands.

38
Q

In the monograstric animal (e.g. pigs), what does the salivary glands secrete ?

A

In the monogastric animal, the salivary glands secrete an enzyme called amylase.

39
Q

What does the amylase do?

A

The amylase breaks down starch to maltose.

40
Q

How can food be more broken down chemically by amylase?

A

The more the food is chewed by the teeth, the more it can be broken down chemically by amylase.

41
Q

What is the secondary function of saliva? What digestive systems does this take place in?

A

Saliva has a seconday function as a lubricant which wets the food and makes it easier to chew and swallow. This takes place in the monogastric and ruminant digestive systems.

42
Q

Where is food passed when swallowed.

A

Food is passed to the oesophagus when swallowed.

43
Q

How is food prevented from entering the Trachea?

A

Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the epiglottis.

44
Q

How is food moved to the stomach along the oesophagus.

A

Food is moved to the stomach along the oesophagus by peristalsis

45
Q

What is peristalsis

A

food entering the oesophagus is moved along to the stomach by muscular contractions, which have a rhythmic, wave-like motion.

46
Q

Draw the ruminant digestive system

A

Read

47
Q

Name two ruminant herbivores

A

Cattle and sheep are 2 ruminant herbivores.

48
Q

Name the four chambers of the ruminant stomach.

A

The rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum.

49
Q

What does the ruminant stomach allow?

A

The digestion of the complex carbohydrate cellulose which is found in grass, the main contituent of their diet.

50
Q

What is the main constituent of a ruminant animal’s diet?

A

Grass.

Agricultural Science - Leaving Cert 2018 (10 decks)

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