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Agricultural Science - Leaving Cert 2018 > Chapter 18 - Applied Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - Applied Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Selective breeding is the process of breeding animals or plants with desirable traits and to concentrate those desirable traits in their offspring.

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2
Q

What is selective breeding sometimes known as?

A

Artificial Selection.

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3
Q

What does selective breeding of animals produce?

A

Selective breeding of animals produces breeds (e.g. Holstein, Jersey, etc).

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4
Q

What does the selective breeding of plants produce?

A

The selective breeding of plants produces cultivares or varieties (E.G. Kerr’s Pink and Golden Wonders are varieties of potatoes).

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5
Q

What can the selective breeding of plants and animals be divided into?

A

The selective breeding of plants and animals can be divided into inbreeding and crossbreeding.

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6
Q

What is Inbreeding?

A

Inbreeding is the mating of closely related animals or plants.

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7
Q

(ADVANTAGE) What does inbreeding fix?

A

Inbreeding fixed certain desirable traits, such as high milk yields in purebred dairy cows.

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8
Q

(ADVANTAGE) What does inbreeding create among the offspring?

A

Inbreeding creates uniformity among the offspring.

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9
Q

(ADVANTAGE) What does inbreeding produce?

A

Inbreeding produces pedigree animals (purebred animals) whose lineage is known (ancestry) and are registered with a breed society or stud look.

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10
Q

(ADVANTAGE) What is inbreeding used to produce in plants?

A

Inbreeding is used to produce stock or purebred lines in plants.

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11
Q

(DISADVANTAGE) What does inbreeding increase the inheritance of?

A

Inbreeding increases the inheritance of similar genes, leading to an increase in homozygous genotypes (BB or bb).

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12
Q

(DISADVANTAGE) What does inbreeding concentrate?

A

Inbreeding concentrates undesirable recessive traits.

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13
Q

(DISADVANTAGE) What does inbreeding increase the chances of?

A

Inbreeding increases the chances of lethal genes occuring, which can result in the death of the organism.

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14
Q

(DISADVANTAGE) What has inbreeding led to in Holsteins?

A

Inbreeding has led to an increase in calving intervals in Holsteins

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15
Q

(DISADVANTAGE) What can inbreeding make more animals susceptible to?

A

Inbreeding can make more animals susceptible to disease.

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16
Q

(DISADVANTAGE) What does inbreeding lead to a loss in?

A

Inbreeding leads to a loss in genetic diversity.

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17
Q

What is Cross Breeding?

A

Cross breeding involves the mating of animals or plants from two different breeds, varieties or species.

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18
Q

What is Cross Breeding also known as?

A

Cross Breeding is also known as out breeding.

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19
Q

(ADVANTAGE) In Cross Breeding, offspring often inherit what?

A

In Cross Breeding, offspring often inherit favourable genes from both parents, which leads to increased productivity. This is known as hybrid vigour.

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20
Q

(ADVANTAGE) What does Cross Breeding often lead to?

A

Cross Breeding often leads to better health traits and lifespan in the offspring.

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21
Q

(ADVANTAGE) What does Cross Breeding reduce?

A

Cross Breeding reduces the risk of recessive genes appearing in the phenotype.

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22
Q

(ADVANTAGE) What does Cross Breeding increase the number of?

A

Cross Breeding increases the number of heterozygous pairs of genes.

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23
Q

What is Hybrid Vigour?

A

Hybrid Vigour is the increased productivity displayed by the offspring of genetically different parents. It is often known as heterosis.

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24
Q

(DISADVANTAGE) The resulting offspring, when horses are crossed with donkeys, are what?

A

When horses are crossed with donkeys, the resulting offspring are infertile.

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25
Q

(DISADVANTAGE) What does Cross Breeding result in?

A

Cross Breeding results in loss in uniformity of the offspring.

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26
Q

(DISADVANTAGE) What is there a loss of in Cross Breeding?

A

In Cross Breeding, there is a loss of hybrid vigour, with subequent crossing of the hybrids or crossbred animals.

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27
Q

(DISADVANTAGE) What can crossbred animals not be registered as? Why?

A

In Cross Breeding, Crossbred animals cannot be registered with a breed society or breed register, as they are not purebred.

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28
Q

How are F1 Hybrids produced?

A

F1 Hybrids are produced by crossbreeding two genetically different purebred parents.

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29
Q

What are the F1 Hybrids usually?

A

The F1 Hybrids are usually stronger, have greater disease resistance and produce higher yields.

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30
Q

In F1 Hybrid Seed Varieties, the parent plants are what?

A

In F1 Hybrid Seed Varieties, The parent plants are inbred over several generations.

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31
Q

In F1 Hybrid Seed Varieties, What are parent plants often called?

A

In F1 Hybrid Seed Varieties, parent plants are often called breeding stock.

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32
Q

In F1 Hybrid Seed Varieties, Parent plants are crossed how?

A

In F1 Hybrid Seed Varieties, parent plants are crossed, usually by hand pollination.

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33
Q

In F1 Hybrid Seed Varieties, what does crossing parent plants produce?

A

In F1 Hybrid Seed Varieties, crossing parent plants produces the seeds that are hybrid.

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34
Q

(ADVANTAGES) What do F1 Hybrids benefit from?

A

F1 Hybrids benefit from hybrid vigour.

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35
Q

(ADVANTAGES) What are F1 Hybrids uniform in?

A

F1 Hybrids are uniform in phenotype.

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36
Q

(DISADVANTAGE) What are F1 Hybrids ____ to produce?

A

F1 Hybrids are expensive to produce.

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37
Q

(DISADVANTAGE) In F1 Hybrids, the parent plants must be what?

A

In F1 Hybrids, the parent plants (breeding stock) must be crossed every year.

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38
Q

(DISADVANTAGE) What is there a loss in when the F1 Hybrids are crossed to form what?

A

When the F1 Hybrids are crossed to form an F2, there is a loss in uniformity and in hybrid vigour.

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39
Q

What have reproductive technologies led to?

A

Reproductive technologies have led to an increase in the number of offspring that can be produced from genetically superior plants and animals, an increase that would otherwise not be possible naturally.

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40
Q

What three processes are used extensively in horticulture?

A

Micropropagation, grafting and cuttings

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41
Q

Why are these three processes used extensively in horticulture?

A

Micropropagation, grafting and cuttings are used extensively in horticulture to increase the number of plant offspring.

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42
Q

What is AI? What is AI used for?

A

AI is Artificial Insemination. AI is a routine procedure used on many farms (particularly dairy farms) to increase the genetic merit of the herd.

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43
Q

How are AI straws produced? : Initially, where is the semen collected?

A

Initially, the semen is collected from the bull.

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44
Q

How are AI straws produced? : What happens to the semen once it has been collected?

A

Once the semen is collected from the bull, the semen is diluted using an extender (usually a mixture of egg yolk and glycerol), which protects against cold shock and damage during freezing.

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45
Q

How are AI straws produced? : What does the extender (that is used to dilute the semen) also contain, which is a source of what?

A

The extender that is used to dilute the collected semen also contains glucose, which is a source of energy for the sperm cells and a buffer to prevent any pH changes of the solution.

46
Q

How are AI straws produced? : Where is the diluted sperm packed once it has been diluted using an extender?

A

Once the sperm has been diluted using an extender, the diluted sperm is packed into a plastic straw and stored in liquid nitrogen at -196°C.

47
Q

How are AI straws produced? : Before insemination, the straws (that contain the diluted sperm) are what?

A

Before insemination, the straws are thawed in warm water.

48
Q

(ADVANTAGES OF AI) - What does AI allow for?

A

AI allows for maximum use of superior bulls.

49
Q

(ADVANTAGES OF AI) - What have Bulls been?

A

Bulls have been performance and progeny tested.

50
Q

(ADVANTAGES OF AI) - What does AI allow for , of bulls?

A

AI allows for a wide choice of bulls.

51
Q

(ADVANTAGES OF AI) - What does AI prevent?

A

AI prevents the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.

52
Q

(ADVANTAGES OF AI) - What can be done with the semen to produce only what?

A

The semen can be sexed to produce only heifer calves.

53
Q

(ADVANTAGES OF AI) - The cost of what is small in comparison to the cost of what?

A

The cost of a straw is small in comparison to the cost of keeping a bull.

54
Q

(ADVANTAGES OF AI) - What does AI increase ?

A

AI increases the number of cows served by a genetically superior bull than would otherwise be possible by natural means.

55
Q

What is performance testing?

A

Performance testing is the evaluation of a bull’s performance by comparing its weight gain and food conversion ratio (FCR) with other bulls kept under similar feed and housing conditions.

56
Q

What is progeny testing?

A

Progeny testing is the evaluation of the performance of a bull’s offspring compared to other bulls’ offspring kept under similar feed and housing conditions.

57
Q

(DISADVANTAGES OF AI) - What is crucial?

A

In Artificial Insemination, Successful heat detection is crucial.

58
Q

(DISADVANTAGES OF AI) - More of what is required compared to what?

A

More labour and management skills are required compared to natural and service with a stock bull.

59
Q

(DISADVANTAGES OF AI) - AI has a lower ____ compared to using what?

A

AI has a lower conception rate compared to using a fertile stock bull.

60
Q

(DISADVANTAGES OF AI) - Inseminations must be carried out by who?

A

Artificial Inseminations must be carried out by a trained AI technician.

61
Q

(DISADVANTAGES OF AI) - Semen must be stored ___, why?

A

Semen must be stored properly, otherwise it will not be viable.

62
Q

(DISADVANTAGES OF AI) - Farmers may need to keep what? For what?

A

Farmers may need to keep a stock bull for mopping up at the end of the breeding season.

63
Q

(DISADVANTAGES OF AI) - What is mopping up?

A

Mopping up involves a stock bull detecting and servicing any cows or heifers not in calf).

64
Q

What is EBI?

A

EBO is Economic Breeding Index. EBI is a single-figure profit index given in euro of profit per lactation for the animal’s progeny compared to an average dairy cow.

65
Q

What is the objective of EBI?

A

The objective of Economic Breeding Index (EBI) is to identify genetically superior sire and dam lines in the dairy herd and to use this to improve the average dairy production through selective breeding.

66
Q

How is EBI calculated?

A

EBI is calculated by adding the value of the EBI sub-indexes together.

67
Q

What are the sub-indexes of EBI?

A

The sub-indexes of EBI are:

  • Production Index
  • Fertility Index
  • Calving Index
  • Beef Index
  • Maintenance Index
  • Health Index.
68
Q

What do the sub-indexes of EBI allow farmers to address?

A

The sub-indexes of EBI allow farmers to address particular issues within their own herd.

69
Q

What does Genomic selection evaluate?

A

Genomic Selection evaluates bulls and heifers on the basis of their DNA profile.

70
Q

In Genomic selection, The animal’s DNA profile can be used for what?

A

In Genomic Selection, the animal’s DNA profile can be used to predict its EBI.

71
Q

What does Genomic Selection identify?

A

Genomic Slection identifies high EBI sires at a young age without having to wait a number of years for that sire’s offspring to be progeny tested.

72
Q

What is embryo transplantation?

A

Embryo transplantation involves the collection of embryos from a donor animal and implanting these embryos into a surrogate mother or recipient.

73
Q

Embryo transplantation can be used in what?

A

Embryo Transplantation can be used in the breeding of both sheep and cattle.

74
Q

(STEPS INVOLVED IN EMBRYO TRANSPLANTATION) - Both the _ and _ reproductive cycles must be what?

A

The first step involved in embryo transplantation is that both the donor and surrogate mother reproductive cycles must be synchronised.

75
Q

(STEPS INVOLVED IN EMBRYO TRANSPLANTATION) - The donor animal is given _ to bring about what?

A

The second step involved in in embryo transplantation is that the donor animal is given hormone injections to bring about super ovulation.

76
Q

(STEPS INVOLVED IN EMBRYO TRANSPLANTATION) - How can the donor eggs be fertilised?

A

The third step involved in embryo transplantation is that the donor eggs can be fertilised using AI inside the uterus or, alternatively, in vitro.

77
Q

(STEPS INVOLVED IN EMBRYO TRANSPLANTATION) - The embryos are what?

A

The fourth step involved in embryo transplantation is the embryos are flushed out.

78
Q

(STEPS INVOLVED IN EMBRYO TRANSPLANTATION) - After the embryos are flushed out, they are what?

A

The fifth step involved in embryo transplantation is when the embryos are flushed out, the embryos are evaluated.

79
Q

(STEPS INVOLVED IN EMBRYO TRANSPLANTATION) - Once the embryos are flushed out and evaluated, where are they transferred?

A

This is the sixth and final step of embryo transplantation. Once the embryos are flushed out and evaluated, the embryos are transferred to the surrogate mother.

80
Q

What does cloning do?

A

Cloning produces genetically identical individuals.

81
Q

In horticulture, what processes produce what?

A

In horticulture, cuttings, grafting and micropropagation all produce genetically identical plants.

82
Q

(ADVANTAGE OF CLONING) - What does cloning make possible?

A

One advantage of cloning is that it makes it possible to make identical copies of genetically superior animals.

83
Q

(DISADVANTAGES OF CLONING) - What is a high rate in cloning animals?

A

There is a high failure rate in cloning animals.

84
Q

(DISADVANTAGES OF CLONING) - Cloning reduces what?

A

Cloning reduces biodiversity.

85
Q

(DISADVANTAGES OF CLONING) - Cloning results in what?

A

Cloning results in premature ageing and early death.

86
Q

(DISADVANTAGES OF CLONING) - There are what issues surrounding the use of cloning?

A

There are ethical issues surrounding the use of clothing.

87
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.

88
Q

What are mutations in genes a source of?

A

Mutations in genes are sources of new alleles.

89
Q

Mutations are what events?

A

Mutations are rare and random events.

90
Q

Give an example of something caused by a mutation in the gene for ____.

A

White eye in male fruit flies was caused by a mutation in the gene for eye colour.

91
Q

Mutations can lead to changes in what?

A

Mutations can lead to changes in chromosome numbers.

92
Q

What are factors that cause mutations called?

A

Factors that cause mutations are called mutagens.

93
Q

Give 4 examples of mutagens.

A

X-Rays, Radiation, Radon Gas and colchicines are all known as mutagens.

94
Q

What is Genetic Modification?

A

Genetic Modification involves the insertion of beneficial genes into the chromosomes of plants and animals from unrelated species.

95
Q

What are plants and animals produced by genetic modification known as?

A

Plants and animals produced by genetic modifications are known as transgenic species or genetically modified organisms. (GMOs)

96
Q

What are GMOs?

A

GMOs are genetically modified organisms.

97
Q

Genetically modified plants have increased what?

A

Genetically modified plants have increased crop yields and are resistant to herbicides, pests and diseases.

98
Q

Genetically Modified Plants may cause what in people who what?

A

Genetically modified plants may cause allergies in people who consume them?

99
Q

Genetically Modified Plants may what with other plants to produce what?

A

Genetically Modified Plants may cross-fertilise with other plants to produce ‘super weeds’.

100
Q

What is Polyploidy

A

Polyploidy describes cells that contain more than two sets of chromosomes.

101
Q

Why does Polyploidy occur?

A

Polyploidy occurs due to abnormal cell division.

102
Q

Where is Polyploidy more commonly found?

A

Polyploidy is more commonly found in plants.

103
Q

Several strains of what are polyploidy?

A

Several Strains of wheat and rye grasses are polyploidy.

104
Q

Durum Wheat is a what?

A

Durum wheat is a tetraploid (4n, four sets of chromosomes)

105
Q

How can polyploidy be induced?

A

Polyploidy can be induced by exposing cells to mutagens that lead to an increase in chromosome number.

106
Q

Some Polyploidy crops are what?

A

Some polyploidy crops are sterile.

107
Q

What is a recipient?

A

The animal that recieves the embryo.

108
Q

What is a surrogate mother?

A

An animal that takes on the role of the mother to another animal’s offspring

109
Q

What is synchronisation?

A

Things occur at the same time

110
Q

What is mopping up?

A

Mopping Up involves a stock bull detecting and servicing any cows or heifers not in calf.

Agricultural Science - Leaving Cert 2018 (10 decks)

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