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Pathophysiology > Chapter 9 - The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

affective behaviors

A

r/t feeling and emotion

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2
Q

plasticity

A

the ability of the brain to change connections as a result of experience

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3
Q

the cerebrum is responsible for:

A

thought and emotion

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4
Q

the CNS develops from the ___ of the embryo

A

neural tube

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5
Q

gray matter

A

consists of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals. cell bodies either form layers in parts of the brain or else cluster into nuclei

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6
Q

white matter

A

formed by myelinated axons of the CNS

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7
Q

tracts

A

bundles of myelinated axons in the CNS

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8
Q

choroid plexus

A

secretes CSF into the ventricles of the brain

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9
Q

functions of CSF

A

cushion the tissues and creates a controlled chemical environment

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10
Q

blood brain barrier

A

formed by tight junctions in brain capillaries; present possibly harmful substances in the blood from entering the interstitial fluid

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11
Q

normal fuel source for neurons

A

glucose

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12
Q

6 major divisions of the brain:

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

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13
Q

cerebrum: 3 parts

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

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14
Q

cerebral cortex

A

sensory areas (perception), motor areas (skeletal muscle movement), association areas (integration of information and direction of voluntary movement)

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15
Q

basal ganglia

A

part of cerebrum. responsible for movement

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16
Q

limbic system

A

part of cerebrum. center for emotion in the brain. divided into amygdala and cingulate gyrus (emotion and memory) and hippocampus (learning and memory).

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17
Q

amygdala

A

part of limbic system of cerebrum. responsible for emotion and memory

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18
Q

hippocampus

A

part of limbic system of cerebrum. responsible for learning and memory

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19
Q

cerebellum

A

processes sensory information and coordinates the execution of movement

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20
Q

diencephalon

A

composed of thalamus and hypothalamus. contain pineal and pituitary glands

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21
Q

thalamus

A

part of diencephalon. integrating center and relay station for sensory and motor information

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22
Q

pineal gland

A

endocrine gland located in the diencephalon. responsible for melatonin secretion

23
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of diencephalon. responsible for homeostasis and behavioral drives by its control over endocrine and autonomic function

24
Q

pituitary gland

A

endocrine gland located in the diencephalon. responsible for hormone secretion

25
Q

brain stem

A

divided into: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, reticular formation. cranial nerves II to XII originate here.

26
Q

midbrain

A

part of brainstem. responsible for eye movement, and relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes

27
Q

pons

A

part of brainstem. relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum. responsible for coordination of breathing

28
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of brainstem. responsible for control of involuntary functions. contains somatosensory and corticospinal tracts that convey information b/w the cerebrum and spinal cord. most tracts cross midline in the pyramid region.

29
Q

reticular formation

A

part of brainstem. responsible for arousal, sleep, muscle tone, pain modulation.

30
Q

cerebral lateralization

A

left brain: language and verbal skills; dominant for right handed people. right brain: spatial skills; dominant for leftys

31
Q

behavioral state system

A

controls states of arousal and modulates the sensory and cognitive systems

32
Q

diffuse modulatory systems

A

of the reticular formation. influence attention, motivation, wakefulness, memory, motor control, mood, and metabolic homeostasis

33
Q

reticular activating system

A

keeps the brain conscious (aware of self and environment)

34
Q

circadian rhythms are controlled by

A

the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (like an internal clock)

35
Q

2 major phases of sleep

A

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and slow-wave (AKA deep sleep or non-REM) sleep

36
Q

reflexive memory

A

part of long term memory. does not require conscious processes for its creation or recall

37
Q

declarative memory

A

part of long term memory. uses higher-level of cognitive skills for formation and requires conscious attention for its recall

38
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

at the junction of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. sensory input from either the visual or auditory cortex goes here, then to Broca’s area. input is integrated and processed. output occurs from Broca’s area. damage to Wernicke’s area can receptive aphasia.

39
Q

Broca’s area

A

in posterior part of the frontal lobe close to the motor cortex. sensory input from either the visual or auditory cortex goes to Wernicke’s area, then here. input is integrated and processed. output occurs from Broca’s area to motor cortex to initiate a spoken or written action. damage to Broca’s causes expressive aphasia

40
Q

receptive aphasia

A

cause difficulty understanding spoken or visual information. the person’s own speech may be nonsense because they are unable to retrieve words

41
Q

expressive aphasia

A

understand simple, unambiguous spoken and written language but have difficulty interpreting complicated sentences w/ several elements linked together.also difficulty speaking or writing w/ normal syntax.

42
Q

CSF and ion concentrations

A

H+ is higher in CSF. Na+ is same in CSF and plasma. K+ is lower in CSF.

43
Q

CN I

A

olfactory. sensory. olfactory info from nose

44
Q

CN II

A

optic. sensory. visual info from eyes

45
Q

CN III

A

oculomotor. motor. eye movement, pupil constriction, lens shape

46
Q

CN IV

A

trochlear. motor. eye movement.

47
Q

CN V

A

trigeminal. both sensory and motor. sensory info from face and mouth. motor signals for chewing.

48
Q

CN VI

A

abducens. motor. eye movement.

49
Q

CN VII

A

facial. both motor and sensory. sensory for taste; efferent signals for tear and salivary glands, facial expression

50
Q

CN VIII

A

vestibulocochlear. sensory. hearing and equilibrium.

51
Q

CN IX

A

glossopharyngeal. both sensory and motor. sensory from oral cavity, baro- and chemoreceptors in blood vessels; efferent for swallowing, parotid salivary gland secretion.

52
Q

CN X

A

vagus. both sensory and motor to many internal organs, muscles, and glands

53
Q

CN XI

A

accessory. motor. muscles of oral cavity, some muscles in neck and shoulder

54
Q

CN XII

A

hypoglossal. motor. tongue muscles.

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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