Chapter 9 - The Central Nervous System Flashcards
affective behaviors
r/t feeling and emotion
plasticity
the ability of the brain to change connections as a result of experience
the cerebrum is responsible for:
thought and emotion
the CNS develops from the ___ of the embryo
neural tube
gray matter
consists of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals. cell bodies either form layers in parts of the brain or else cluster into nuclei
white matter
formed by myelinated axons of the CNS
tracts
bundles of myelinated axons in the CNS
choroid plexus
secretes CSF into the ventricles of the brain
functions of CSF
cushion the tissues and creates a controlled chemical environment
blood brain barrier
formed by tight junctions in brain capillaries; present possibly harmful substances in the blood from entering the interstitial fluid
normal fuel source for neurons
glucose
6 major divisions of the brain:
cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
cerebrum: 3 parts
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
cerebral cortex
sensory areas (perception), motor areas (skeletal muscle movement), association areas (integration of information and direction of voluntary movement)
basal ganglia
part of cerebrum. responsible for movement
limbic system
part of cerebrum. center for emotion in the brain. divided into amygdala and cingulate gyrus (emotion and memory) and hippocampus (learning and memory).
amygdala
part of limbic system of cerebrum. responsible for emotion and memory
hippocampus
part of limbic system of cerebrum. responsible for learning and memory
cerebellum
processes sensory information and coordinates the execution of movement
diencephalon
composed of thalamus and hypothalamus. contain pineal and pituitary glands
thalamus
part of diencephalon. integrating center and relay station for sensory and motor information
pineal gland
endocrine gland located in the diencephalon. responsible for melatonin secretion
hypothalamus
part of diencephalon. responsible for homeostasis and behavioral drives by its control over endocrine and autonomic function
pituitary gland
endocrine gland located in the diencephalon. responsible for hormone secretion
brain stem
divided into: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, reticular formation. cranial nerves II to XII originate here.
midbrain
part of brainstem. responsible for eye movement, and relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes
pons
part of brainstem. relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum. responsible for coordination of breathing
medulla oblongata
part of brainstem. responsible for control of involuntary functions. contains somatosensory and corticospinal tracts that convey information b/w the cerebrum and spinal cord. most tracts cross midline in the pyramid region.
reticular formation
part of brainstem. responsible for arousal, sleep, muscle tone, pain modulation.
cerebral lateralization
left brain: language and verbal skills; dominant for right handed people. right brain: spatial skills; dominant for leftys
behavioral state system
controls states of arousal and modulates the sensory and cognitive systems
diffuse modulatory systems
of the reticular formation. influence attention, motivation, wakefulness, memory, motor control, mood, and metabolic homeostasis
reticular activating system
keeps the brain conscious (aware of self and environment)
circadian rhythms are controlled by
the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (like an internal clock)
2 major phases of sleep
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and slow-wave (AKA deep sleep or non-REM) sleep
reflexive memory
part of long term memory. does not require conscious processes for its creation or recall
declarative memory
part of long term memory. uses higher-level of cognitive skills for formation and requires conscious attention for its recall
Wernicke’s area
at the junction of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. sensory input from either the visual or auditory cortex goes here, then to Broca’s area. input is integrated and processed. output occurs from Broca’s area. damage to Wernicke’s area can receptive aphasia.
Broca’s area
in posterior part of the frontal lobe close to the motor cortex. sensory input from either the visual or auditory cortex goes to Wernicke’s area, then here. input is integrated and processed. output occurs from Broca’s area to motor cortex to initiate a spoken or written action. damage to Broca’s causes expressive aphasia
receptive aphasia
cause difficulty understanding spoken or visual information. the person’s own speech may be nonsense because they are unable to retrieve words
expressive aphasia
understand simple, unambiguous spoken and written language but have difficulty interpreting complicated sentences w/ several elements linked together.also difficulty speaking or writing w/ normal syntax.
CSF and ion concentrations
H+ is higher in CSF. Na+ is same in CSF and plasma. K+ is lower in CSF.
CN I
olfactory. sensory. olfactory info from nose
CN II
optic. sensory. visual info from eyes
CN III
oculomotor. motor. eye movement, pupil constriction, lens shape
CN IV
trochlear. motor. eye movement.
CN V
trigeminal. both sensory and motor. sensory info from face and mouth. motor signals for chewing.
CN VI
abducens. motor. eye movement.
CN VII
facial. both motor and sensory. sensory for taste; efferent signals for tear and salivary glands, facial expression
CN VIII
vestibulocochlear. sensory. hearing and equilibrium.
CN IX
glossopharyngeal. both sensory and motor. sensory from oral cavity, baro- and chemoreceptors in blood vessels; efferent for swallowing, parotid salivary gland secretion.
CN X
vagus. both sensory and motor to many internal organs, muscles, and glands
CN XI
accessory. motor. muscles of oral cavity, some muscles in neck and shoulder
CN XII
hypoglossal. motor. tongue muscles.
