Chapter 16 - Blood

Question 1

main plasma proteins

Answer 1

albumins (most prevalent), globulins, fibrinogen. most are made in the liver

Question 2

albumins

Answer 2

plasma proteins made in liver. major contributors to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma; carriers for various substances

Question 3

globulins

Answer 3

plasma proteins. multiple types. made in liver and lymphoid tissue. functions: clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers for various substances

Question 4

fibrinogen

Answer 4

plasma protein made in liver. forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting

Question 5

transferrin

Answer 5

plasma protein made in liver and other tissues. function: iron transport

Question 6

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

Answer 6

common precursor for blood cells. found predominantly in bone marrow. have capability of developing into many different cell types

Question 7

types of leukocytes

Answer 7

lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 8

monocytes

Answer 8

develop into macrophages. known as phagocytes

Question 9

neutrophils

Answer 9

known as phagocytes and granulocytes

Question 10

lymphocytes

Answer 10

AKA immunocytes

Question 11

eosinophils

Answer 11

also called granulocytes

Question 12

basophils

Answer 12

also called granulocytes; tissue basophils are called mast cells

Question 13

in regions of active blood cell production in the bone marrow, ~ ___% of cells will become WBCs

Answer 13

75%

Question 14

erythrypoietin (EPO)

Answer 14

cytokine that influences growth/differentiation of RBCs. produced primarily in kidney

Question 15

thrombopoietin (TPO)

Answer 15

cytokine that influences growth/differentiation of megakarocytes. produced primarily in liver

Question 16

colony-stimulating factors, interleukins, stem cell factor

Answer 16

cytokines that influences growth/differentiation of all types of blood cells; mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells. produced in endothelium, fibroblasts of bone marrow, and leukocytes. induce leukocyte division (mitosis) and cell maturation

Question 17

hematocrit

Answer 17

ratio of RBCs to plasma, expressed as a percentage

Question 18

mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Answer 18

average volume of one RBC

Question 19

mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

Answer 19

amount of Hgb per RBC

Question 20

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Answer 20

amount of Hgb per volume of one RBC

Question 21

EPO production is stimulated by

Answer 21

hypoxia; production of transcription factor HIF-1 (hypoxia inducible factor 1) which turns on EPO synthesis

Question 22

hgb components are recycled as:

Answer 22

amino acids are incorporated into new proteins. some iron from heme groups are reused in new heme groups. remnants of heme groups are converted to bilirubin and excreted as bile

Question 23

platelets are activated by

Answer 23

damage to vascular endothelium

Question 24

hemostasis begins w/

Answer 24

vasoconstriction and the formation of a platelet plug

Question 25

exposed collagen triggers

Answer 25

platelet adhesion and aggregation

Question 26

platelet plus is converted into a clot when reinforced by

Answer 26

fibrin

Question 27

last step of coag cascade:

Answer 27

fibrin is made from fibrinogen through the action of thrombin

Question 28

as the damaged vessel is repaired, plasmin trapped in the platelet plug dissolves:

Answer 28

fibrin (fibrinolysis) and breaks down the clot

Question 29

platelet plugs are restricted to the site of injury by

Answer 29

prostacyclin in the membrane of intact vascular endothelium