Chapter 9 - Social Development Flashcards
What does social development include the development of?
- emotion
- personality
- attachment
- self
- peer relationships
- morality
- gender
What is Erik Erikson’s theory based upon in terms of the need for resolution
the social crisis which need resolution
What are the 5 stages of Erikson’s theory?
1) trust vs mistrust
2) autonomy vs shape and doubt
3) initiative vs guilt
4) industry vs inferiority
5) identity vs role confusion
What happens in the trust vs mistrust stage of Erikson’s theory, when does this phase occur?
- 1st year of life
- developing trust in other people is the crucial issue
- crisis resolution by parents dictates attachment styles
- social crisis = trust
What happens in the autonomy vs shame and doubt stage of Erikson’s theory, when does this phase occur?
- 1- 3 1/2 years old
- challenge is to achieve a strong sense of autonomy while adjusting to increased social demand
- social crisis = balancing using autonomy and restrictions/ punishment from parents
What happens in the initiative vs guilt stage of Erikson’s theory, when does this phase occur?
- 4 -6 years old
- taking initiative of their environment
- parents must reinforce child’s choices
- resolved when child develops high standards and the initiative to meet them w/out being crushed by worry about not being able to measure up
What happens in the industry vs inferiority stage of Erikson’s theory, when does this phase occur?
- 6 years old - puberty
- child must master cognitive and social skills, learn to work and play well with others
What happens in the Identity vs role confusion stage of Erikson’s theory, when does this phase occur?
- adolescence - early adulthood
- must resolve the question of who they really are/ where they belong
Describe the identity achievement stage of identity development.
a crisis has been experienced and a commitment has been made
Describe the foreclosure stage of identity development.
a crisis has not been experienced and a commitment has been made
Describe the moratorium stage of identity development.
a crisis has been experienced and a commitment has not been made
Describe the identity diffusion stage of identity development.
a crisis has not been experienced and a commitment has not been made
What is classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to evoke a conditioned response.
What is an antecedent? what kind of learning is it used in?
- An antecedent refers to the stimulus or event that occurs before a specific behavior and serves as a trigger or precursor to that behavior.
- used in classical conditioning
What is operant conditioning?
Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behaviors are strengthened or weakened through the consequences they produce.
Which kind of conditioning reinforces pre-established behaviors?
operant conditioning
What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment? What does it mean when its positive or negative?
- punishment aims to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring
- reinforcement aims to increase the likelihood of an action occurring
- either is positive when something is added to the “experience”
- either is negative when something is taken away from the “experience”
- What is hostile attribute bias?
- What kind of environment do children who have this come from?
- What kind of behavior does this elicit in children?
- when children have the idea that everyone is out to get them
- tend to come from abusive households
- children with this are often hostile
What does the bioecological model represent? What are the different tiers of this system?
- represents how our immediate surroundings influence us
- include the microsystem, exosystem, and macrosystem
Describe the different systems within the bioecological model.
- Microsystem: people who are closest and very directly impact us
- Exosystem: people/ things in proximity which may directly or indirectly impacts us
- Macrosystem: policies and systems which indirectly influence us
What are the key ideas of Freud’s psychoanalysis?
- the mind is made of separate part that function independently and can conflict with each other
- Id - irrational and emotional (now!)
- ego - rational (mediator)
- superego - moral (conscience)
What are some controversies surrounding Freud’s psychoanalysis theory?
- moral: dislike of emphasis on sex and sexual energy
- scientific: theory is unscientific
- makes people uncomfortable
What does freud’s psychosexual theory propose children are motivated by?
- the urge to satisfy the arousal they feel
What are the stages of the psychosexual theory?
1) Oral stage
2) Anal stage
3) Phallic Stage
Describe the oral stage of the psychosexual theory.
- birth - 18 months old
- physical focus: mouth, lips, tongue
- psychological theme: dependency, passivity
- only the id exists
- things can go wrong if needs aren’t fulfilled or needs are fulfilled instantly (mirrors trust vs mistrust stage)
- adult characters are overly independent vs passive
Describe the oral stage of the psychosexual theory.
- 18 months - 3 years old
- physical focus - anus and organs of elimination
- psychological themes: self control and obedience
- ego begins to develop (morals)
- things can go wrong if given unreasonable expectations and never demanding control of urges
- adult character type: over controlled vs undercontrolled
Describe the phallic stage of the psychosexual theory.
- timing - 3 1/2 - 7 years old
- physical focus - sexual organs
- basic tasks - coming to terms with physical sex differences and their implications
- experience oedipal crisis
- development of morality, conscience, and the superego
What is the oedipal crisis? When does it occur?
- Oedipus Complex: Children experience sexual attraction or desire for the parent of the opposite sex
- occurs during phallic stage of the psychosexual theory
What are some critiques given to the psychosexual thoery?
- excessive complexity
- case study method - high likelihood of bias
- vague definitions for concepts
- untestable (cannot be proven false)
- sexism: males are considered to be in the norm while females are considered deviations from male model
