Chapter 5 - Seeing, Thinking, and doing in infancy Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the difference between sensation and perception?

A

Sensation - things felt/ sensed through our senses
Perception - how/ what we make of sense of what we’ve sensed

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2
Q

What are the primary methods for studying infants’ vision?

A

habituation and potential looking technique?

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3
Q

What is the potential looking technique?

A
  • show infant 2 pictures or toys to look at or interact with
  • whichever one they look at longer indicates preference or surprise
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4
Q

What is habituation? how is it used as an experimental technique?

A
  • repeated exposure to something (ex: a bell)
  • initially, infant is excited; looking time decreases w/ repeated exposure
  • introduction of new stimuli, looking time increases again
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5
Q

Describe visual acuity

A
  • involves the sharpness of visual discrimination
  • estimated by comparing how long infants look at research patterns
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6
Q

What type of patterns do babies generally prefer to look at? Why?

A
  • patterns with high visual contrast

b/c…
- babies have poor visual contrast
- cones in their eyes differ from adults’ in size, shape, and concentration

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7
Q

Do newborns visually scan faces the same way adults do?

A
  • no, they usually just scan the contour of the face/ head, while adults scan the central facial features
  • after 2 months, babies scan faces like adults do
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8
Q

What is the other race effect (ORE)? What is it driven by?

A
  • the ability to easily distinguish visual/ facial features between people of the same race as us
  • driven by access of facial features in individual after 9 months
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9
Q

What is object segregation?

A

the identification of separate objects in a visual array (perceptions of boundaries between objects)

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10
Q

What are some experimental findings about infants and object segregation?

A

After habituation, like adults, babies assumed there was a single rod moving behind the block (indicated with longer gaze at broken rod)

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11
Q

How do infants use depth perception?

A

they use depth and distance cues to navigate their environment
(ducking and blinking indicate awareness of things coming at them)

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12
Q

What is optical expansion?

A

the knowledge of the idea that things look bigger when closer and smaller when father

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13
Q

Describe the Visual Cliff Research

A
  • observed depth perception in babies
  • illustrated the interdependence of different domains of development
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14
Q

How well developed is human auditory perception at birth? How long does it take to fully develop?

A
  • relatively well developed at birth
  • not fully developed until ages 5 or 6
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15
Q

What is auditory localization?

A

the tendency for newborns to turn towards sounds

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16
Q

What are infants’ preferences and proficiencies when it comes to auditory perception?

A
  • proficient in perceiving subtle differences in human speech
  • prefer consonant intervals (twinkle twinkle and a,b,c’s_ to disonant intervals (movie scores)
17
Q

What is intermodal perception?

A
  • perception that involves the combination of 2+ senses
    (present from early life)
18
Q

What are reflxes?

A

innate, fixed patterns of actions that occur in response to particular stimulation

19
Q

What are some common reflexes present in infants?

A
  • neonatal reflexes (grasping)
  • rooting (turning in direction of face touching)
  • sucking
  • moro reflex (falling reflex)
20
Q

What are some key notes to make about motor development?

A
  • there are set/ general motor milestone time frames
  • milestone ages ranges can vary depending on child environment (living in North America vs Asia)
  • delay of milestones should only be concerning if child is 4 months past the end of the milestone frame
21
Q

By 10 months, how is an objects approach to an object affected by?

A

What they intend to do with the object

22
Q

What is the simplest form of leanring?

A

habituation

23
Q

What can habituation help measure in infants?

A

preference and attention

24
Q

What is statistical learning?

A

learning by picking up on statistical patterns in environments

  • involves picking up information from the environment and forming associations among stimuli that occur in a statistically predictable patter (faces/ voices)
  • proposed to be important to language learning