chapter 9- skeletal system

Question 1

articulation

Answer 1

-joint; site where two or more
bones meet
-connect bones but provide
mobility in skeleton

Question 2

fibrous (anatomical/structural classification of joints)

Answer 2

bones joined by fibrous C.T. with no space

Question 3

cartilaginous (anatomical/structural classification of joints)

Answer 3

bones joined by a pad or
bridge of cartilage

Question 4

what is a synarthrosis that consists of interlocked bones with dense connective tissue between bones?

Answer 4

suture

Question 5

what is an amphiarthrosis that consists of a fibrocartilage pad between bones?

Answer 5

symphysis

Question 6

articular cartilage is composed of what cartilage?

Answer 6

hyaline

Question 7

accessory ligaments of a diathesis function to what the joint?

Answer 7

strengthen

Question 8

the synovial membrane makes of the inner layer of the what?

Answer 8

articular capsule

Question 9

a what is an injury to an articulation where the ligament has been damaged?

Answer 9

sprain

Question 10

when the body is in anatomical position, the knee and elbows are what?

Answer 10

extended

Question 11

the specific movement of crossing the thumb across the palm is called what?

Answer 11

opposition

Question 12

turning your palms up is the specific movement of what?

Answer 12

supination

Question 13

the carpals are gliding joints that demonstrate a what range of motion?

Answer 13

multiaxial

Question 14

both the shoulders and your hip are and what joints are capable of a triaxial range of motion?

Answer 14

ball and socket

Question 15

what disease involves an autoimmune chronic inflammation of a joint that leads to damage?

Answer 15

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 16

synovial (anatomical structural classification of joints)

Answer 16

bones separated by fluid-filed cavity, surrounded by C.T.

Question 17

what is the anatomical/structural classification of joints based on?

Answer 17

connecting material

Question 18

what is the physiological/function classification of joints based on?

Answer 18

amount of movement

Question 19

synarthrosis (physiological/function classification of joints)

Answer 19

immovable joint (fibrous or cartilaginous)

Question 20

amphiarthrosis (physiological/function classification of joints

Answer 20

slightly moveable joint (fibrous or cartilaginous)

Question 21

diarthrosis (physiological/function classification of joints)

Answer 21

freely moveable joint (always synovial)

Question 22

what does increased mobility equal?

Answer 22

decreases stability

Question 23

synostosis (synarthroses)

Answer 23

fused bones

Question 24

suture (synarthroses)

Answer 24

interlocked bones, sealed with dense C.T.

Question 25

gomphosis (synarthroses)

Answer 25

tooth in alveolar socket, held by periodontal ligaments

Question 26

synchondrosis (synarthroses)

Answer 26

hyaline cartilage bridge between bones

Question 27

syndesmosis (amphiarthroses)

Answer 27

bones connected by ligament =band of dense regular C.T.

Question 28

symphysis (amphiarthroses)

Answer 28

bones separated by pad of fibrocartilage

Question 29

articular cartilage (diarthroses/synovial joint feature)

Answer 29

hyaline cartilage, no perichondrium/periosteum

Question 30

synovial cavity (diarthroses/synovial joint feature)

Answer 30

space between/around opposing bones, has synovial fluid

Question 31

articular capsule (diarthroses/synovial joint feature)

Answer 31

-2 layers -outer: dense irregular C.T., continuous with periosteum -inner: synovial membrane membrane (areolar C.T.) covers inside surface of cavity except articular cartilage, secretes synovial fluid

Question 32

synovial fluid (diarthroses/synovial joint feature)

Answer 32

-filtrate from blood plasma + hyaluronic acid from fibroblasts -functions: lubrication, shock absorption & nutrient distribution

Question 33

meniscus (accessory structures of diatrhroses)

Answer 33

fibrocartilage pad subdivides the cavity or changes shape of articular surface, limits range motion

Question 34

fat pad (accessory structures of diatrhroses)

Answer 34

adipose, superficial to capsule, protection and space filler

Question 35

accessory ligaments (accessory structures of diatrhroses)

Answer 35

dense regular C.T., either part of capsule, inside joint or outside capsule, strengthen joint

Question 36

tendons (accessory structures of diatrhroses)

Answer 36

dense regular C.T. attach muscle to bone, add stability to joint

Question 37

bursa (accessory structures of diatrhroses)

Answer 37

synovial fluid-filled pocket, reduces friction

Question 38

synovial tendon sheath (accessory structures of diatrhroses)

Answer 38

tubular bursa around a tendon

Question 39

sprain

Answer 39

damage to pigment, some collagen torn, slow to heal

Question 40

bursitis

Answer 40

inflammation of a bursa due to trauma, infection, or repetitive motion

Question 41

synovial joints stabilized by articular capsule and accessory structures restrict mobility:

Answer 41

increase in mobility = decrease in stability = increase chance of dislocation

Question 42

luxation

Answer 42

dislocation, joint déplacement, usually damages cartilage, ligaments, & capsule, pain receptors in all C.T. of the joint, except articular cartilage to prevent actions

Question 43

subluxation

Answer 43

partial dislocation, displacement beyond usual anatomical limitation, "double jointed"

Question 44

linear movements (movements at synovial joints)

Answer 44

gliding: slight movement in any direction

Question 45

angular movements (movements at synovial joints)

Answer 45

one plane of motion

Question 46

flexion (angular movement)

Answer 46

reduce angle in sagittal

Question 47

extension (angular movement)

Answer 47

increase angle in sagittal plane

Question 48

hyperextension (angular movement)

Answer 48

extension past anatomical position

Question 49

abduction (angular movement)

Answer 49

move away from longitudinal axis in frontal plane

Question 50

adduction (angular movement)

Answer 50

move toward longitudinal axis in the frontal plane

Question 51

circumduction (angular movement)

Answer 51

move in loop without rotation

Question 52

rotational movements

Answer 52

turn on axis

Question 53

medial rotation (rotational movement)

Answer 53

turn in toward body

Question 54

lateral rotation (rotational movement)

Answer 54

turn out away from body

Question 55

inversion (special & specific motion)

Answer 55

turn sole (foot) inward

Question 56

eversion (special & specific motion)

Answer 56

turn sole (foot) outward

Question 57

dorsiflexion(special & specific motion)

Answer 57

lift toes

Question 58

plantar flexion(special & specific motion)

Answer 58

lift heal of foot

Question 59

opposition(special & specific motion)

Answer 59

thumb across palm

Question 60

pronation(special & specific motion)

Answer 60

medial rotation of radius

Question 61

supination(special & specific motion)

Answer 61

lateral rotation of radius

Question 62

protaction(special & specific motion)

Answer 62

move anterior

Question 63

retraction(special & specific motion)

Answer 63

move posterior

Question 64

elevation(special & specific motion)

Answer 64

more superior

Question 65

depression(special & specific motion)

Answer 65

move inferior

Question 66

monaxial (ranges of motion)

Answer 66

movement in 1 planes

Question 67

biaxial (ranges of motion)

Answer 67

movement in 2 planes

Question 68

triaxial (ranges of motion)

Answer 68

movement in 3 planes

Question 69

multiaxial (ranges of motion)

Answer 69

gliding joints, all directions

Question 70

gliding/plane joint (types of synovial joints)

Answer 70

-flat surfaces, slide in any direction -movement: slight nonaxial/multiaxial -vertebrocostal joints & intercarpal/intertarsal joints

Question 71

hinge joint (types of synovial joints)

Answer 71

-cylindrical projection in trough-shaped surface -movement: monaxial -elbow & knee joint

Question 72

pivot joint (types of synovial joints)

Answer 72

-round projection in ring-shaped depression -movement: monaxial -atlas/axial & proximal radioulnar joint

Question 73

ellipsoidal joint (types of synovial joints)

Answer 73

-oval facet in oval depression -movement: biaxial -radiocarpal joint & metatarsophalangeal joints

Question 74

saddle joint (types of synovial joints)

Answer 74

-concave surface into convex surface -movement: biaxial -first carpometacarpal joint

Question 75

ball and socket (types of synovial joints)

Answer 75

-spherical head into cup-like socket -movement: triaxial -shoulder joint & hip joint

Question 76

rheumatism

Answer 76

pain & stiffness of skeletal system

Question 77

arthritis

Answer 77

rheumatism of synovial joints, caused by damage to articular cartilage

Question 78

osteoarthitis

Answer 78

age 60+, cumulative wear and tear erodes cartilage

Question 79

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 79

autoimmune attack, chronic inflammation, and damage to joint

Question 80

ankylosis

Answer 80

ossification of the joint due to untreated rheumatoid arthritis

Question 81

gouty arthritis

Answer 81

crystals of uric acid from nucleic acid metabolism form in synovial fluid, damages cartilage