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anatomy and physiology exam 3 > chapter 6- skeletal system > Flashcards

chapter 6- skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

blood cell production

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2
Q

axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebrae, and the what?

A

ribs

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3
Q

the compact bone shaft of a long bone is called the what?

A

diaphysis

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4
Q

the medullary cavity of the bone contains what?

A

yellow marrow/triglycerides

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5
Q

at the metaphysis, what do you know about the age of a person with a plate instead of a line?

A

child, still growing

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6
Q

in bone tissue what are found in lacunae linked to each other by canaliculi?

A

osteocytes

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7
Q

hydroxyapatite is composed of predominantly what mineral?

A

calcium

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8
Q

one-third of the bone matrix is what consisting of collagen fibers and
ground substance?

A

osteoid

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9
Q

the cells that perform osteogenesis to repair or remodel bones are the what?

A

osteoblasts

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10
Q

osteoprogenitor cells are located in the what and inner cellular layer of the periosteum?

A

endosteum

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11
Q

the concentric lamella around a central canal in compact bone creates a circular structure called a what?

A

osteon

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12
Q

in spongy bone, the lamella is in branch configurations called what with what in the spaces?

A

trabeculae, red marrow

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13
Q

the two-layer covering on the outer surface of a bone is called the what?

A

periosteum

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14
Q

endochondral ossification begins with a bone-shaped piece of what?

A

hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

osteoclasts solubilize the hydroxyapatite with what?

A

HCl (hydrochloric acid)

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16
Q

what is secreted by osteoblasts to induce
mineralization of the osteoid?

A

alkaline phosphate

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17
Q

if blood calcium levels fall below 9mg/cL, what will be
released from the parathyroid gland?

A

parathyroid hormone

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18
Q

what organ produces calcitonin?

A

thyroid

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19
Q

even if you drink a lot of milk, a lack of what is made by the kidney will result in you having a calcium deficiency?

A

calcitriol

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20
Q

a lack of growth hormone in childhood will result in what?

A

pituitary dwarfism

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21
Q

immediately following a fracture, an external callus of what is formed by the periosteum?

A

fibrocartilage

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22
Q

the normal aging process results in reduced bone mass called what?

A

osteopenia

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23
Q

skeletal system components

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments, other C.T. that stabilize the bones

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24
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. support: framework & structure of body
  2. storage of minerals & lipids
  3. blood cell production (all formed elements)
  4. protection: surround soft tissues
  5. leverage for movement (levers upon which skeletal muscles act)
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25
Q

minerals

A

calcium & phosphate (for osmotic regulation, enzyme function, nerve impulses)

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26
Q

yellow marrow

A

triglycerides (for energy reserves)

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27
Q

red marrow

A

stem cells -> hematopoiesis

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28
Q

axial skeleton

A

protection & support skull, vertebrae & ribs

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29
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

locomotion & manipulation, limbs & limb girdles

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30
Q

bone classification

A

-206 bones
-all bones can be classified by shape

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31
Q

long bones

A

-longer than wide consisting of shaft & 2 ends
-ex: bones of appendages

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32
Q

short bones

A

-approximately equal in all dimensions
-ex: carpals & tarsals

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33
Q

flat bones

A

-thin, 2 parallel surfaces
-ex: skull, sternum, ribs & scapula

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34
Q

irregular bones

A

-complex shapes
-vertebrae & os coxa

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35
Q

sesamoid bones

A

-seed shaped, form in tendon
-ex: patella
-total # can vary

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36
Q

sutural bones

A

extra bones in sutures of the skull

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37
Q

bone structure

A

-a bone is an organ consisting of many tissue types: osseous, nervous, cartilage, fibrous C.T., blood, etc.
-consist of 2 types of bone tissue

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38
Q

compact bone

A

solid, dense bone, makes up surfaces & shafts

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39
Q

spongy bone/cancellous bone

A

meshy, makes up the interior of bones & houses red marrow in spaces

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40
Q

diaphysis (long bone structure)

A

hollow shaft of compact bone

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41
Q

medullary (marrow) cavity (long bone structure)

A

center of the diaphysis, contains yellow marrow

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42
Q

epiphysis (long bone structure)

A

expanded end of bone, the surface of compact bone with red marrow in spaces

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43
Q

epiphyseal line or plate (long bone structure)

A

cartilage that marks the connection of diaphysis with epiphysis

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44
Q

epiphyseal line in adults

A

narrow a.k.a metaphysis

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45
Q

epiphyseal plate in children

A

thick, allows growth during chilldhood

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46
Q

periosteum

A

2 layers cover around outside of the bone

47
Q

what are the 2 layers of the periosteum?

A

outer fibrous layer & inner cellular layer

48
Q

endosteum

A

cellular layer covers all inside surfaces

49
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage on the end where bone contacts, another, no periosteum or perichondrium

50
Q

joint/articulation

A

-the connection between two bones, surrounded by C.T. capsule, lined with synovial membrane
-joint cavity filled with synovial fluid to reduce friction on articular cartilage

51
Q

flat bone structure

A

-thin layer of spongy bone with red marrow between two layers of compact bone
-covered by periosteum & endosteum
-site of most hematopoiesis

52
Q

bone

A

-osseous tissue, supporting C.T.
-consists of specialized cells in a matric of fibers & ground substance

53
Q

characteristics of bone

A
  1. dense matrix packed with calcium salts
  2. osteocytes in lacunae
  3. canaliculi for exchange of nutrients & water
  4. two-layer periosteum, cover bone except at articular surfaces
    -cells = only 2% of bone
54
Q

matrix of bones

A

-98% of bone tissue
-1/3 = osteoid
-2/3 = densely packed crystals of hydroxyapatite, hard but brittle

55
Q

osteoid

A

organic part, collagen fibers + ground substance, tough & flexible

56
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

calcium salts, mostly calcium phosphate (hard but brittle)

57
Q

osteocytes

A

-mature bone cells
-no cell division
-located in lamellae
-canaliculi link lacunae to each other & blood supply
-linked to each other via gap junctions on cell projections on canaliculi

58
Q

lamellae

A

-lacunae between layers of matrix
-hold osteocytes

59
Q

what is the function of osteocytes?

A

-maintain protein & mineral content matrix
-also participate in bone repair: become active when broken free of lacuna

60
Q

osteoblasts

A

-perform osteogenesis
-produce osteoid
-promote the deposit of calcium slats which spontaneously form hydroxyapatite

61
Q

osteoprogenitor cells (mesenchymal cells)

A

-bone stem cells that produce daughters that become osteoblasts for repair & growth
-located in endosteum & inner periosteum

62
Q

osteoclasts

A

-large, multinuclear
-derived from monocytes (macrophages)
-perform osteolysis

63
Q

osteolysis

A

digest & dissolve bone matrix, osteoclasts release minerals for use in blood or recycling during bone remolding

64
Q

structure of compact bone

A

-consists of osteons parallel to the surface
-each osteon around central canal
-perforating canals perpendicular to osteons connecting osteons
-osteon built of layer of matrix secreted by osteoblasts
-each layer = concentric lamella
-interstitial lamellae fill spaces between osteons
-circumferential lamellae run perimeter inside & out
*designed to receive stress from one direction
-very strong parallel to osteons but week perpendicular

65
Q

central canal

A

contains blood vessels & nerves

66
Q

perforating canals

A

allow blood vessels to enter the bones from periosteum

67
Q

structure of spongy bones

A

-trabeculae (no osteons)
-red marrow fills space around trabeculae
-no direct blood supply (no central canals)
-nutrients diffuse into canaliculi in trabeculae from red marrow
-makes up low-stress bones or areas of bone where stress cones from multiple directions
-provides lightweight strength

68
Q

trabeculae

A

meshwork of spongy bone

69
Q

fibrous outer layer of periosteum

A

dense irregular C.T.

70
Q

cellular inner layer of periosteum

A

osteoprogenitor cells

71
Q

functions of the periosteum

A
  1. isolate bone from surrounding tissues
  2. site for attachment (tendons, ligaments, joint capsules)
  3. route for nerves & blood vessels to enter the bone
  4. participates in bone growth & repair
72
Q

endosteum

A

-thin cellular level
-lines medullary cavity, central canals & covers trabeculae
-consists of osteoprogenitor cells
-cells become active during bone growth & repair

73
Q

bone growth

A

-begins 6-8 weeks post-fertilization
-continues through puberty (18-25y)
-two types: intramembranous (forms flat bones) & endochondral (form long bone)

74
Q

osteogenesis (ossification)

A

formation of bone

75
Q

calcification

A

hardening of matrix or cytoplasm with calcium, can happen to many tissues

76
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

-bone develops from mesenchyme or fibrous C.T. in deep layer of dermis
-ex: skull bones, mandible, clavicales

77
Q

intramembranous ossification step 1

A

ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

78
Q

intramenmbranous ossification step 2

A

bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane

79
Q

intramembranous ossification step 3

A

woven bone & periosteum form

80
Q

intramembranous ossification step 4

A

bone collar of compact bone forms & red marrow appears

81
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone develops from hyaline cartilage models, the cartilage grows by interstitial & appositional growth and is slowly replaced by bone from the inside out

82
Q

endochondral ossification step 1

A

primary ossification center begins to form: chondrocytes in the diaphysis enlarge & surrounding matrix calcifies killing the enclosed

83
Q

endochondral ossification step 2

A

blood vessels grow into edge of cartilage: cells of inner layer of perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts which secrete osteoid, osteoid is mineralized & a bone collar forms around the diaphysis

84
Q

endochondral ossification step 3

A

capillaries & fibroblasts migrate into the primary ossification center, fibroblast differentiate into osteoblasts & secrete osteoid which is mineralized into trabeculae, spongy bone is formed & continues forming growing toward epiphyses

85
Q

endochondral ossification step 4

A

remolding occurs: osteoclasts degrade trabeculae in the center to create the marrow cavity, the bone increases in length by interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plate followed by replacement of plat cartilage by spongy bone, bone increases in diameter by appositional growth from the cellular layer of periosteum

86
Q

endochondral ossification step 5

A

secondary ossification centers from in the epiphyses

87
Q

endochondral ossification step 6

A

epiphyses become ossified with spongy bone, hyaline cartilage remains on the articular surface, ossification continues at both ossification centers until all epiphyseal cartilage has been replaced with bone -> epiphyseal closure

88
Q

bone remolding

A

-bones not static: constantly recycled/renewed
-5-7% of skeleton recycles/week

89
Q

osteoclasts secrete

A
  1. lysosomal enzymes: digest osteoid
  2. hydrochloric acid: soluble calcium salts
90
Q

osteoblasts secrete

A
  1. osteoid (organic matrix)
  2. alkaline phosphate: induces mineralization of osteoid
91
Q

fracture repair 1-2 steps

A
  1. fracture hematoma forms, seals off dead osteocytes & broken blood vessels
  2. cells of periosteum create external callus of fibrocartilage, cells of endosteum create internal callus of spongy bone, ends of fracture stabilized by callus
92
Q

fracture repair 3-4 steps

A
  1. osteoblast replace cartilage with spongy bone fracture gap now filled with all spongy bone
  2. a bulge from the callus marks the fracture point, spongy bine replaced with compact bone & excess callus material removed
93
Q

bone adapt

A

-stressed bones grow thicker
-bumps & ridges for muscle attachment enlarge when muscles used heavily
-bones weaken with inactivity (up to 1/3 of mass lost with few weeks of inactivity)
-heavy metals can be incorporated
*condition of bones depends on interplay between osteoclast & osteoblast activity

94
Q

skeleton as calcium reserve

A

-calcium important to normal function of neurons & muscles
-blood calcium: 9-11mg/100ml

95
Q

calcium homeostasis depends on

A
  1. storage in the bones
  2. absorption in the GI
    3.exertion at the kidneys
96
Q

if blood calcium levels low

A

-parathyroid hormone triggers
1. increase osteoclast activity (decrease storage)
2. enhanced calcitriol actions (increase storage)
3. decreased calcium excretion at kidney

97
Q

if blood calcium levels high

A

-calcitonin (from thyroid gland) trigger
1. inhibition of osteoclast activity (increase in storage)
2. increased calcium excretion in kidney

98
Q

nutritional & hormone effects on bone

A

many nutrients & hormones are required for normal bone growth & maintenance

99
Q

calcium & phosphate salts

A

from food, for mineralization of matrix

100
Q

calcitriol

A

from kidney, for absorption of calcium & phosphate

101
Q

vitamin C

A

from food, for collagen synthesis & osteoblast differentiation

102
Q

vitamin A

A

from carotene in food, for normal bone growth in children

103
Q

vitamin K & B12

A

from food, for synthesis of osteoid proteins

104
Q

growth hormone

A

from pituitary gland, for protein synthesis & cell growth

105
Q

thyroxine

A

from thyroid, for cell metabolism & osteoblast activity

106
Q

estrogens & androgens

A

from gonads, for epiphyseal closure

107
Q

calcitonin & parathyroid hormone

A

from parathyroid gland, to regulate calcium & phosphate levels in body fluids, affects bone composition

108
Q

gigantism

A

too much growth hormone prior to epiphyseal closure bones grow excessively large

109
Q

acromegaly

A

too much growth hormone after closure, bones don’t grow but all cartilage does (ribs, nose, ears, articular cartilage)

110
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

not enough growth hormone, bones fail to elongate

111
Q

scurvy

A

lack vit.C, low collagen content, reduced bone mass, bones brittle

112
Q

osteomalacia (rickets in children that lead to permanent deformitya0

A

lack vit.D -> lack calcitriol, osteoid produced but not mineralized, bones flexible

113
Q

osteopenia

A

-reduction in bone mass
-all adults suffer at some degree
-osteoclasts out-work osteoblasts (sex hormones in youth inhibit osteoclasts)
-women: 8%
-men: 3%

114
Q

osteoporosis

A

-reduction in bone mass that compromises function
-more common in women
-greater rate of osteoporosis when bones are thinner to start

anatomy and physiology exam 3 (5 decks)

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