chapter 7 & 8- skeletal system

Question 1

what are the 8 bones that make up the cranium?

Answer 1

occipital, parietal (2), frontal, temporal (2), sphenoid, ethmoid

Question 2

what are the 14 bones that make up the face?

Answer 2

mandible, vomer, maxillary (2), palatine (2), nasal (2), inferior nasal conchae (2), zygomatic (2), lacrimal (2)

Question 3

what is the suture located between the occipital bone & parietal bones?

Answer 3

lambdoid

Question 4

what are the bones that contain sinuses?

Answer 4

sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal, palatine, maxillary

Question 5

at what age does the cranium reach maximum size?

Answer 5

5

Question 6

how many thoracic vertebrae are in a human?

Answer 6

12

Question 7

what counts as one bone in the adult human but is composed of 5 fused vertebrae?

Answer 7

sacrum

Question 8

what is the abnormal condition of lateral curvature of the spine?

Answer 8

scoliosis

Question 9

there is no intervertebral disc between which two vertebrae?

Answer 9

C1 & C2

Question 10

what is the gel-like material inside the annulus fibrosis of the intervertebral disc?

Answer 10

nucleus pulposus

Question 11

the vertebral foramen is the hole through which the what passes?

Answer 11

spinal cord

Question 12

a lack of folic acid early in pregnancy can lead to what in the fetus, a condition where the vertebral arch fails to develop?

Answer 12

spina bifida

Question 13

how many of the 24 ribs don’t attach at all to the sternum?

Answer 13

4 (floating ribs)

Question 14

what are the names of the 2 bones of the antebrachial region?

Answer 14

ulna & radius

Question 15

how many carpal bones are in one human wrist?

Answer 15

8

Question 16

how many phalanges are in one human foot?

Answer 16

14

Question 17

what is the big bone that spans from the hip to the knee?

Answer 17

femur

Question 18

how many bones are in the human skeleton?

Answer 18

206 bones

Question 19

axial skeleton

Answer 19

longitudinal axis with 80 bones

Question 20

appendicular skeleton

Answer 20

-limbs with 126 bones
-consists of limbs & limb girdles to provide movement

Question 21

axial skeleton functions

Answer 21

1. support & protect organs in dorsal & ventral body cavities
2. provide surface area for muscle attachment
   a. adjust position of head, neck & trunk
   b. perform respiratory movements
   c. stabilize appendicular skeleton

Question 22

skull (26 bones)

Answer 22

-cranium: occipital (1), parietal (2), frontal (1), temporal (2), sphenoid, ethmoid
-face: maxillary (2), palatine (2), nasal (2), vomer, inferior nasal conchae (2), zygomatic (2), lacrimal (2), mandible
-auditory ossicles (6)
-hyoid bone

Question 23

sutures

Answer 23

skull bones interconnect at immovable joints (dense fibrous C.T.)

Question 24

lambdoid suture

Answer 24

separates occipital bone from parietal bones

Question 25

coronal suture

Answer 25

separates occipital bone from parietal bones

Question 26

sagittal suture

Answer 26

separates parietal bones

Question 27

squamous suture

Answer 27

2 of them separates temporal bone from parietal bone

Question 28

sinuses

Answer 28

air-filled chambers inside flat bones

Question 29

function of sinuses

Answer 29

1. reduce the weight of bone 2. house mucus membranes that moisten & clean incoming air

Question 30

where are the sinuses located?

Answer 30

sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal, palatine & maxillary bones

Question 31

skull development

Answer 31

-intramembranous ossification from many centers of ossification -brain grows more rapidly than cranial bones -growing skull bones held together by bands of fibrous C.T. to provide flexibility(expansion of brain, compression for birth) -around age 5 brain stops growing in size solid sutures form between cranial bones

Question 32

fontanels (soft spots)

Answer 32

large intersections of C.T. between bones, persist until age 5

Question 33

craniostenosis

Answer 33

premature closure of fontanels, w/o surgery brain is crushed

Question 34

microcephaly

Answer 34

the brain fails to enlarge, cranium remains small

Question 35

vertebral column

Answer 35

-7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) -12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) -5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) -1 sacrum (5 fused) -1coccyx (3-5 fused)

Question 36

why is the vertebral column not straight?

Answer 36

4 curves bring weight of body in the line with central axis

Question 37

primary curves

Answer 37

-thoracic & sacral -present at birth -accommodate organs

Question 38

secondary curves

Answer 38

-lumbar & cervical -appear in first year -necessary for bipedalism *cervical = hold head up *lumbar = standing

Question 39

kyphosis

Answer 39

exaggerated thoracic curvature

Question 40

lordosis

Answer 40

exaggerated lumbar curvature

Question 41

scoliosis

Answer 41

abnormal lateral curvature

Question 42

vertebral body (construction of column)

Answer 42

stacking

Question 43

intervertebral disc (construction of column)

Answer 43

spacing between bodies (not C1-C2)

Question 44

annulus fibrous (intervertebral discs)

Answer 44

fibrocartilage, outside

Question 45

nucleus pulpous (intervertebral discs)

Answer 45

gel, inside (cushion)

Question 46

shrinking height

Answer 46

loss of water from discs

Question 47

elastic ligaments

Answer 47

link bodies for alignment

Question 48

intervertebral foramen

Answer 48

holes formed by spacing from discs, allow spinal nerves to exit column

Question 49

vertebral arch

Answer 49

bone attached to vertebral body, with the body forming vertebral forman

Question 50

vertebral foramen

Answer 50

hole for spinal cord

Question 51

vertebral canal

Answer 51

bony canal for spinal cord formed by stacking of vertebral foramen

Question 52

spina bifida

Answer 52

vertebral arch fails to develop correctly at 3 weeks (fetus) & spinal cord is unprotected or even exposed, 4/1000 births show some degree (lack of folic acid)

Question 53

thoracic cage

Answer 53

-25 bones -1 sternum & 24 ribs

Question 54

true ribs

Answer 54

7 pairs of separate costal cartilage to attach to sternum

Question 55

false ribs

Answer 55

3 pairs of common shared costal cartilage to attach to sternum

Question 56

floating ribs

Answer 56

2 pairs having no cartilage, no attachment to sternum

Question 57

pectoral girdle

Answer 57

-4 bones -clavicles (2) & scapula (2)

Question 58

upper limbs

Answer 58

-60 bones -humerus (2), radius (2), ulna (2), carpal bones (16), metacarpal (10), phalanges (28- proximal, middle, distal -> proximal/distal for thumbs only)

Question 59

carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 59

-any inflammation = pressure on nerves leading to pain -carpal arranged into rows of 4 bones -create a U shape enclosed by the flexor retinaculum (ligament) -all tendons, vessels & nerves of hand must pass through channel between bones & ligament (no extra space)

Question 60

pelvic girdle

Answer 60

-2 bones -os coxae (2)

Question 61

pelvis (anatomical)

Answer 61

pelvic girdle (2 os coxae) + sacrum + coccyx

Question 62

lower limbs

Answer 62

-60 bones -femur (2), patella (2), tibia (2), fibula (2), tarsals (14), metatarsals (10), phalanges (28)