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Nursing Research > Chapter 9 Selecting the Sample & Setting (Quantitative)) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Selecting the Sample & Setting (Quantitative)) Flashcards

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1
Q

Population

A

A well-defined group whose members possess specific attributes

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2
Q

Target Population

A

The group being studied
-Eligibility criteria

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3
Q

Inclusion Criteria

A

The key features of the target population that the investigators will use to answer their research question

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4
Q

Exclusion Criteria

A

Features of the potential study participants who meet the inclusion criteria but present with additional characteristics that could interfere with the success of the study or increase their risk for an unfavorable outcome

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5
Q

Sample

A

Small subset of a population

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6
Q

Select Sample

A

Representative of the population

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7
Q

Sampling

A

Process of selecting individuals for a study

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8
Q

Probability Sampling

A

“Random Sampling”

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9
Q

Simple Random Sample

A

Every subject has an equal & independent chance of being chosen

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10
Q

Cons of Simple Random Sampling

A

Can be time-consuming

More pricey

Difficult, or impossible, to obtain an accurate or complete sampling frame of every element in accessible population

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11
Q

Stratified Random Sampling

A

Selecting a sample to identify subgroups in the population that are represented in the sample

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12
Q

Advantages of Stratified Random Sampling

A

Achieves greater degrees of representation w/in population

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13
Q

Cluster (Multistage) Sampling

A

Groups, not individuals, are randomly selected

Used for convenience in:
o large populations
o populations spread over large geographic area

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14
Q

Systematic Sampling

A

Individuals or elements of the
population are selected from a list by
taking every kth individual

Each member does not have an
independent chance of inclusion

Considered random sampling if list is
randomly ordered 1st

Data collected conveniently and
efficiently

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15
Q

Non-probability Sampling

A

“Non-random Sampling”

Chance plays no role in
determination of sample

Limits ability to make
generalizations about findings

Many nursing research studies use
non-probability sampling because of
difficulties in obtaining random
access to populations

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16
Q

Convenience Sampling

A

Collection of data from subjects that are readily available or easily accessible to the researcher

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17
Q

Advantages of Convenience Sampling

A

Easy to carry out
Cost-efficient

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18
Q

Disadvantages of Convenience Sampling

A

Potential for bias
Limited ability for results to be generalized

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19
Q

Snowball (network) Sampling

A

Useful when list of individuals who share particular characteristic cannot be obtained

Researchers ask subjects to help them get in touch w/other potential subjects

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20
Q

Quota Sampling

A

Identifies the strata of the population based on specific characteristics

Quota is computed proportionally or
disproportionally to the population under study

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21
Q

Purposive Sampling

A

Researcher “handpicks” or selects certain cases thought to be best representatives to be included
in the study

Commonly used in qualitative research

22
Q

How do you determine sample size for quantitative study?

A

Have a large enough sample size to be representative of the population but, not too large not to gain sufficient information

23
Q

What are quantitative studies determined by?

A

Power Analysis

24
Q

Power Analysis

A

The calculation used to estimate the smallest sample size needed for an experiment, given a required significance level, statistical power, and effect size

25
Q

What occurs if the sample size is too small?

A

Results in insufficient power to determine differences among groups

26
Q

What are qualitative studies determined by?

A

Data Saturation

27
Q

Data Saturation

A

The point in a research process where enough data has been collected to draw necessary conclusions, and any further data collection will not produce value-added insights

28
Q

External Validity

A

Extent to which study results can be generalized from the study sample to other subjects, populations, measuring instruments, & settings

29
Q

Threats to External Validity

A

Interaction of Sample & Treatment: Samples confined to certain types of subjects

Interaction of setting and treatment: Bias when members of different settings agree to participate

Interaction of history and treatment: Concerns about ability to generalize results to different periods of time in the past or future

30
Q

Natural Setting

A

Uncontrolled, real-life situation

31
Q

Partially-Controlled Setting

A

Manipulated or modified in some way

32
Q

Highly Controlled Setting

A

Artificial environment for sole purpose of doing research. Decreases effects of outside influences.

33
Q

Quantitative Data Collection

A

Numerical

Formulated into tables or counts

Analyzed without extreme effort

Data collection involves use of
instruments

34
Q

Surverys

A

Self-admin
May be mailed or conducted face-to-face

35
Q

Questionnaires

A

Closed-ended
Open-ended

36
Q

Psychometric Assessment

A

Evaluates the measure’s measurement properties

37
Q

Reliability

A

Extent to which scores are free from measurement error

38
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

Admin a measure to the same people on 2 occasions

39
Q

Interrater Reliability

A

Having 2 or more observers independently apply the measure w/ same people to determine consistency

40
Q

Internal Consistency Reliability

A

Extent that the items measure the same trait across items on scales

41
Q

Reliability Coefficient Scale

A

Range from .00 to 1.00 with .80 or higher is acceptable

42
Q

Chodos randomly assigned 50 men and 50 women smokers (who had responded to an online recruitment notice) to a smoking cessation intervention or to a control group.

Probability or Non-probability

A

Non-Probability

The sample was a quota sample; men & women responded to a notice and were not selected at random

43
Q

Solomons studied circadian rhythms in a sample of 45 pregnant women consecutively admitted to a hospital in the first 6 months of 2016 because of severe preeclampsia.

Probability or Non-Probability?

A

Non-Probability

The sample was a consecutive sample of patients meeting eligibility criteria; they were not selected at random

44
Q

Kane randomly sampled 250 nurses from urban areas and 250 from nonurban areas from a roster of licensed nurses in Florida to study their attitudes toward evidence-based practice

Probability or Non-pProbability?

A

Probability

45
Q

Marshall randomly selected 250 students from a large university to study their use of drugs and alcohol.

Probability or Non-Probability?

A

Probability

The sample was a simple random sample of students, presumably students were selected at random.

46
Q

Rocco administered her self-efficacy scale to 50 patients twice, 1 week apart. The coefficient between the two sets of scores was .82.

Reliability or Validity?

A

Reliability

47
Q

Rogers examined the relationship between scores on a self-report insomnia scale and sleep efficiency indexes as measured by an Actiwatch wristband.

Reliability or Validity?

A

Validity

Rogers was assessing criterion validity by using the Actiwatch wristband

48
Q

Pfortmiller assessed the degree to which the 12 items on his resilience scale measured a unitary attribute; he calculated a coefficient of .91.

Reliability or Validity?

A

Reliability

Pfortmiller was assessing the internal consistency reliability of his scale.

49
Q

Blalock compared scores on her Breastfeeding Anxiety Scale for two groups: women in their first pregnancy and women who were lactation consultants.

Reliability or Validity?

A

Validity

Blalock was using the known-groups technique to assess the construct validity of her scale.

50
Q

Casey randomly assigned 152 elders recruited from 5 nursing homes

A
51
Q

Rocco administered her self-efficacy scale to 50 patients

A

Nursing Research (8 decks)

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