Chapter 10 Qualitative Research Design

Question 1

Characteristics of a Qualitative Research Design

Answer 1

Flexible: Capable of adjusting to what is learned during data collection

Involves triangulating various data collection strategies
* Interviews, participant observation, field notes, diaries, etc.

Emphasizes human experiences

Tends to be holistic, striving for an understanding
of the whole

Researchers become intensely involved

Can require a lot of time

Benefits from ongoing data analysis to guide
strategies

Question 2

Emergent

Answer 2

Evolves as researchers make ongoing decisions about their data needs based on what they have already learned

Question 3

Quantitative vs Qualitative Research Design Features

Answer 3

Intervention, Control, Blinding:
* Nonexperimental
* No independent and dependent variables
* Blinding is rarely used

Comparisons:
* No comparisons between groups

Research settings:
* Data collection occurs in naturalistic settings

Time Frames:
* Cross-sectional or longitudinal

Question 4

Ethnography

Answer 4

Oldest form of research

Describes and interprets a culture and cultural behavior based on day to day interactions

Relies on extensive, labor-intensive fieldwork

Seeks an emic perspective (insider’s view) of the
culture

Relies on wide range of data sources and three broad
types of information:
* Cultural behavior
* Cultural artifacts
* Cultural speech

Participant observation

Question 5

Culture

Answer 5

The way a group of people live—the patterns of activity and the symbolic structures (e.g., the values and norms) that give such activity significance

Question 6

What is culture inferred from?

Answer 6

Culture is inferred from the group’s words, actions, and products of its members

Question 7

Assumption of Ethnography

Answer 7

Cultures guide the way people structure their experiences

Question 8

Macroethnography

Answer 8

Broadly defines cultures (Moari people in New Zealand)

Question 9

Focused Ethnography

Answer 9

Focuses on a small group’s culture

Ex) Work culture in the ICU

Question 10

Product of Ethnography

Answer 10

An in-depth, holistic portrait of the culture under study

Question 11

Phenomenology

Answer 11

Focuses on the description and interpretation of people’s lived experience or meaning of their daily experiences or perspectives

Rigorous, critical, systematic research method

Acknowledges people’s physical ties to their world: “being in the world”

Question 12

Descriptive Phenomenology

Answer 12

Based on philosophy of Husserl and his question: “What do we know as persons?”

Describes human experience

Insists on the careful portrayal of ordinary conscious experience of everyday life—a depiction of “things” as people experience them
* Hearing, seeing, believing, feeling, remembering, deciding, and evaluating

Relies of in-depth interviews

Question 13

Bracketing

Answer 13

The process of identifying & holding in abeyance preconceived beliefs & opinions about the phenomenon under study

Question 14

Interpretive Phenomenology

Answer 14

Based on philosophy of Heidegger; Heideggerian:
* Hermeneutics as a basic characteristic of human
existence

Emphasis on interpreting and understanding experience, not just describing it

Bracketing does NOT occur

Relies on in-depth interviews and supplementary data
sources: texts, artistic expressions

Question 15

Grounded Theory

Answer 15

Developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967), whose
theoretical roots were in symbolic interaction: how
people make sense of social interactions

Focuses on social psychological processes and social
structures

Data collection, data analysis, and sampling occur
simultaneously

Question 16

Primary Data Sources of Grounded Theory

Answer 16

In-depth interviews with 20 to 30 people; may be supplemented with observations, written documents

Question 17

Constant Comparison

Answer 17

Used to develop and refine theoretically relevant categories
* Categories elicited from the data are
constantly compared with data obtained
earlier so that commonalities and variations
can be detected.
* Comparing incident to incident

Question 18

What is the focus of constant comparison?

Answer 18

Focus is on understanding a central concern or
core variable

Question 19

Case Studies

Answer 19

These focus on a thorough description and explanation of a single case or small number of cases.

Cases can be individuals, families, groups, organizations, or communities.

Data often are collected over an extended period

Question 20

Case Study Example

Answer 20

Graneheim (2015) conducted an in-depth case study
that focused on the interactions between professional
caregivers and one woman with schizophrenia and
dementia

Question 21

Narrative Analysis

Answer 21

Texts that provide detailed stories are sometimes
analyzed through narrative analysis.

There are numerous approaches to analyzing texts

Question 22

Descriptive Qualitative Studies

Answer 22

Descriptive qualitative studies tend to be eclectic
in their designs and methods and are based on
the general premises of constructivist inquiry.

Such descriptive studies seek to holistically
describe phenomena as they are perceived by the
people who experience them.

The researchers may say that they did a content
analysis of the narrative data with the intent of
understanding important themes and patterns

Question 23

Critical Theory Research

Answer 23

Concerned with a critique of existing social
structures and with envisioning new
possibilities

Question 24

Critical Ethnography

Answer 24

Focuses on raising consciousness in the hope of effecting social change

Critical ethnographers attempt to increase
the political dimensions of cultural research
and undermine oppressive systems

Question 25

What is the key objective of critical ethnography?

Answer 25

Transformation is the key. objective

Question 26

Critical Ethnography Example

Answer 26

Speechley and colleagues (2015) developed an
“ethnodrama” to catalyze dialogue in home-based
dementia care. This ethnodrama followed people
living with dementia and their caregivers. The
script was designed to disseminate their research
findings that fosters actionable dialogue.

Question 27

Feminist Research

Answer 27

Focuses on how gender domination and discrimination shape women’s lives and their consciousness

Question 28

Feminist Research Example

Answer 28

Sutherland (2016) used a critical feminist lens in their study of the processes that shape gender inequities in hospice and palliative care for seniors with cancer.

Question 29

Participatory action research (PAR)

Answer 29

Produces knowledge through close collaboration with groups or communities that are vulnerable to control or oppression

Question 30

Participatory Action Research Example

Answer 30

Baird (2015) used community-based action
research to explore the partnership between
researchers, students, and South Sudanese
refugee women to address health challenges
stemming from the women’s resettlement to
the United States.

Question 31

Guidelines for

Question 32

Quinn studied the experience of learning about a

Question 33

Viator explored how pregnant women managed the process of deciding and arranging a home birth.

A) Ethnography
B) Phenomenology
C) Grounded Theory

Answer 33

C) Grounded Theory