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Biology - Human Anatomy > Chapter 9 - Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe women’s and men’s gonads.

A
  • Ovaries –> pair of organs that produce gametes (eggs) + sex hormones (estrogen + progesterone)
  • Testes –> pair of organs that produce gametes (sperm) + hormone (testerone)
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2
Q

Describe the male and female reproductive roles.

A
  • Female –> produce 1 egg each month + nourish/protect developing offspring
  • Male –> produce sperm + deliver them to female reproductive system
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3
Q

Identify the uterus, uterine wall, endometrium, cervix, rectum, vagina, oviduct, ovary, urinary bladder, urethra, clitrois, labia minora/majora.

Out of the 13 organs, which are not a part of the reproductive system?

A
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4
Q

Identify ovary, oviduct, uterus, uterine wall, endometrium, cervix, vagina in image.

A
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5
Q

List the functions of:
- Uterus
- Cervix
- Vagina
- Oviduct
- Ovary
- External genitalia
- Breasts

A
  • Uterus –> nourishes developing embryo (smmoth muscle + endometrium –> site of implantation of embryo + no embryo = shed as menstrual flow)
  • Cervix –> narrow neck of uterus that opens into vagina
  • Vagina –> receives penis during sex + birth canal during delivery
  • Oviduct –> transport immature egg from ovaries to uterus
  • Ovary –> produce eggs through oogenesis + estrogen/progesterone
  • External genitalia –> labia majora/minora + clitoris (erectile tissue)
  • Breasts –> produce milk to nourish newborn
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6
Q

Identify the seminal vesicle, prostate gland, Bulbourethral/Cowper’s gland, epidymis, tetis, urinary bladder, vas deferens, urethra, erectile tissue of penis, penis, glans penis in image.

A
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7
Q

Identify the urinary bladder, ureter, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, erectile tissue of penis, urethra, testis, glans penis, epididymis

A
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8
Q

Identify 3 components of the duct system (sperm travels out).
Identify accessory glands.

A
  1. epididymis, vas deferens, urethra
  2. prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands
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9
Q

Identify 2 components of testes.
List 3 roles of testes.

A
  1. Allows temperature regulation (held outside of the scrotum)
  2. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules
  3. Interstitial cells produce androgens –> testosterone
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10
Q

Describe the process of duct system –> female productive system 97 steps).

A
  1. Sperm develops in seminiferous tubules
  2. Epididymis receives sperm + site of maturation/storage
  3. Vas deferens conducts sperm form epididymis to urethra
  4. Urethra conduct sperm from vas deferens
  5. Sperm travels through vagina, cervix, to reach oviduct where immature egg id released from ovary
  6. Fertilization occurs in oviducts
  7. Eggs travels through oviducts to implant itself into uterus.
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11
Q

What is semen?

A

Fluid containing sperm + secretion of accessory glands.

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12
Q

What is the role of the prostate gland?
Name and explain 2 health relates issues to this gland.

A
  1. Produces alkaline secretions to activate sperm + reduce acidity in reproductive tracts
  2. Age-related enlargement: may restrict urine flow
    Cancer: rectal exam + blood test –> prostate-specific antigen.
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13
Q

What is the role of the Bulbourethral glands (Pairs)?

A

Release clear, slippery liquid before ejaculation that rinses acidic urine from urethra

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14
Q

List 3 roles of seminal vesicles (Pairs)?

A
  • Secretes fructose –> nourish sperm
  • Secretes amino acids –> thicken semen
  • Secretes prostaglandins –> assist movement of sperm in female reproductive tract
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15
Q

What is the role of the penis?
What happens during an erection?
List a health related issue to this organ.

A
  • Delivers sperm to female reproductive tract
  • Spongy erectile tissue filled w/ blood during an erection.
  • Erectile dysfunction
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16
Q

Name and describe the 4 components of sperm.

A

Tail –> movement
Midpiece –> contains mitochondria (provide energy for sperm to move)
Head –> father’s chromosome
Acrosome –> sac covering head of sperm + containing enzymes that help w/ fertilization

17
Q

Describe the process of spermatogenesis.
Which hormone does It involve?

A
  1. Meiosis –> Spermatogonia (diploid) becomes primary spermatocyte
    Meiosis I –> Primary spermatocyte becomes secondary spermatocyte
    Meiosis II –> Spermatocyte becomes spermatids (haploid)
  2. Testosterone
18
Q

Describe the negative feedback of the production of testosterone.
What happens when testosterone levels are too high?

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  2. GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH)
  3. LH stimulates interstitial cells of testes to produce testosterone
  4. High levels of testosterone will inhibit hypothalamus to release GnRH, decreases LH + testosterone secretion
19
Q

Describe the negative feedback of the production of sperm.
What happens when sperm count is too high?

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  2. GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete follicule stimulating hormone (FSH)
  3. FSH + testosterone stimulates sperm production
  4. High sperm count + High testosterone levels stimulates the seminiferous tubules to produce inhibin to inhibit GnRH + FSH
20
Q

Define the ovarian cycle + menstrual cycle.

A
  • Ovarian cycle = changes in ovary
  • Menstrual cycle = changes in uterus wall lining
21
Q

List and explain 3 phases leading to the release of an egg (oogenesis).

A
  1. Follicular: anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH that trigger a primarily follicle to mature into secondary follicle (Grraafian) –> Meiosis I
  2. Ovulatory: secondary follicule released from ovary + if fertilization occurs then Meoisis II occurs –> forming ovum
  3. Luteal: LH transforms cells of graafian follicle into corpus luteum + embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to maintain corpus luteum–> secretes estrogen/progesterone to stop endometrium from shedding + degenerates unless pregnancy occurs
22
Q

What is the cycle controlled by?
List and explain 3 phases of the menstrual cycle.

A
  1. Hormones of the pituitary gland + ovaries.
  2. Menstrual - Day 1 to 5 –> tissue of uterine wall detaches + discarded w/ menstrual flow (blood + unfertilized ovum)
    Proliferative (pre-ovulatroy) - Day 6 to 14 –> controlled by estrogen secreted by ovaries + endometrium thickens + coincides w/ follicular phase + Day 14 - release of LH triggering ovulation
    Secretory (post-ovulatory) - Day 15 to 28 –> coincides w/ formation of corpus luteum + endometrium thickens under the influence of estrogen/progesterone + network of arteries/veins develops
23
Q

List 2 hormones that control female fertility secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

A
  1. Follicle-stimulating hormone –> stimulates follicle development
  2. Luteinizing hormone –> triggers ovulation
24
Q

List 2 hormones that control female fertility secreted by the ovary.

A
  1. Estrogen –> development of endometrium (thicken) + female reproductive structures + gradually increases during day 1 to 14 + drops after day 14
  2. Progesterone –> maintains growth endometrium lining + low for 1st half of cycle + high second half of cycle
25
Q

List and explain 3 disorders of the female reproductive system

A
  1. Premenstrual syndrome
    - Depression, irritability, fatigue, headaches –> 7-10 days before period caused by progesterone defiency + treatments = medication raising serotonin + changes in diet + exercise
  2. Menstrual cramps
    - Endometrial producing high levels of prostaglandins causing uterus muscles to contract
  3. Endometriosis
    - Uterine lining tissue is found outside uterine cavity + endometrial tissue grows / breaks down in response to hormone causing pain

Biology - Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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