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Biology - Human Anatomy > Chapter 4 - Mitosis + Meiosis > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Mitosis + Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Chromatin?

A

Strands of uncondensed DNA tightly coil around proteins (before cell division).

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2
Q

What is a Chromatid?

A

Condensed form of DNA (during cell division).

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3
Q

What are Chromosomes?

A

A pair of condensed duplicated DNA strands (after cell division).

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4
Q

How many chromosomes does the human have?

How many chromosomes does each of their parents contribute?

A
  • 2n = 46 chromosomes in body
  • 23 chromosomes from each parent
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5
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

A pair of chromosomes (1 inherited from mother, 1 inherited from father)

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6
Q

Why do chromosomes condense?

How do they condense?

A
  • The chromosomes condense for protection + ensure proper cell division.
  • DNA coils around histone proteins + form an X-shape
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7
Q

What is the difference between a haploid and a diploid cell?

A
  • Haploid cell (Gametes): 1 set of chromosomes –> n
  • Diploid cell (Somatic Cells) : 2 sets of chromosomes –> 2n
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8
Q

What is the difference between a genome and a karyotype?

A
  • Genome: Complete set of genetic info
  • Karyotype: Visual representation of an organism’s chromosomes
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9
Q

What is the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?

A
  • Autosome genes contain a code that determines physical traits (eye/hair color + height) = the other 22 pairs of chromosomes.
  • Sex chromosome determines an individual’s biological sex
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10
Q

What are women’s sex chromosomes?

What are men’s sex chromosomes?

A
  • Women: XX
  • Male: XY
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11
Q

List 2 Phases of The Cell Cycles and their Sub-phases.

A

Interphase:
- G1: Growth
- S: DNA synthesis
- G2: Growth + Preparation for cell division

Cell Division:
- Mitosis: Divide 1 parent cell into 2 daughter cells
- Cytokinesis

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12
Q

What happens during Interphase: G1?

A

Active growth phase where the cell increases in size

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13
Q

What happens during Interphase: S?

A
  • DNA is replicated
  • Chromosomes become Chromatids
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14
Q

What happens during Interphase: G2?

A
  • Cell slightly increases
  • Begins preparation for mitosis
  • Centrosomes duplicate
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15
Q

What is Mitosis? (3 points)

A
  • Cell division that results in identical somatic cells (46 chromosomes)
  • Replicated chromosomes –> 2 identical daughter cells
  • Goal: Repair + Growth
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16
Q

List the 4 stages of Mitosis.

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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17
Q

What happens during Prophase? (4 points)

A
  • DNA condenses into X-shaped chromosomes
  • Nuclear envelope disintegrates
  • Centrosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell
  • Produces Spindle Fibers
18
Q

What happens during Metaphase? (2 points)

A
  • Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers
  • They align at the center of the cell
19
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

Spindle fibers pull apart sister chromatids + centromeres to opposite ends of the cell.

20
Q

What happens during Telophase? (2 points)

A
  • One copy of each chromosome is at opposite ends of the cell surrounded by a nuclear membrane
  • Spindle fibers start to disappear
21
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis? (2 points)

A
  • Division of the cytoplasm
  • A furrow furrows that pinches into 2 daughter cells w/ the same genetic information
22
Q

Explain the Control System that a cell has to go through.

A

The control system has specific checkpoints which the cell needs to pass in order to proceed to the next phase.

23
Q

What are the 2 outcomes if a cell fails to pass a checkpoint?

A
  1. Damage Repair
  2. Apoptosis
24
Q

What happens during Damage Repair? (5 points)

A
  1. Cell division will stop
  2. Attempt to repair damage
    - Successful: returns to cell cycle
    - Fails: damage accumulates + leads to cancer
    - Damage too extensive for repair: programmed cell death (cell suicide) –> apoptosis –> abnormalities (if not successful)
25
Q

How a cell can become cancerous when checkpoints fail to detect anomalies in a cell? (4 points)

A
  • Cells can divide uncontrollably –> form a tumor
  • Mutations in checkpoints
  • Mutations in damage repair
  • Virus infections
26
Q

What is Meiosis? (3 points)

A
  • Cell division results in gametes (eggs + sperm) –> 23 chromosomes
  • Number of chromosomes in original cell is halved
  • Goal: Produce genetically unique haploid sex cells for sexual reproduction to ensure that the chromosome number remains constant
27
Q

List the 2 division cycles of Meiosis.

A
  • Meiosis I –> 2 cells
  • Meiosis II –> 4 cells
28
Q

List the 8 stages of Meiosis.

A
  1. Prophase I
  2. Metaphase I
  3. Anaphase I
  4. Telophase I
  5. Prophase II
  6. Metaphase II
  7. Anaphase II
  8. Telophase II
29
Q

What happens during Prophase I? (4 points) (Start w/ 4)

A
  • 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes pair up + line up next to each other
  • Develop X shape
  • Centrosomes move to opposite sides of the cell
  • Recombination occurs
30
Q

What is Recombination? (2 points)

A
  • Process where pieces of DNA are exchanged between homologous chromosomes
  • Explains why siblings cannot be genetically identical (Genetic Variation)
31
Q

What happens during Metaphase I? (2 points)

A
  • 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes (tetrads) line up along the middle of the cell –> forming 2 rows
  • Fibers from centrosomes attach to the centrosomes
32
Q

What happens during Anaphase I? (3 points)

A
  • 23 homologous pairs separate
  • One set goes to one pole of the cell
  • The other set goes to the opposite pole of the cell
33
Q

What happens during Telophase I? (3 points)

A
  • 1 member of each homologous pair is at each end of cell
  • A nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes –> formation of 2 cells (stuck together)
  • Spindle fiber disappear
34
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis I? (2 points)

A
  • Division of the cytoplasm
  • A furrow furrows that pinches into 2 daughter cells w/ the same genetic information
35
Q

What happens during Interkinesis? (3 points)

A
  • Results in 2 genetically different haploid daughter cells
  • Cells contain 1 set of chromosomes
  • No DNA replication
36
Q

What happens during Prophase II? (4 points)

A
  • Both pairs of chromosomes condense
  • Nuclear membrane breaks down
  • Centrosomes move to opposite sides of the cell
  • Production of spindle fibers
37
Q

What happens during Metaphase II?

A

Centromeres attach to spindle fibers causing chromosomes to line up in the middle of the cell

38
Q

What happens during Anaphase II?

A

Spindle fibers pull each pair of sister chromatids apart from the centromere to opposite ends of the cell

39
Q

What happens during Telophase II?

A
  • Formation of a nuclear membrane around each set of chromosomes that are located at each pole
  • Spindle fibers disappear
40
Q

What happens during the Final Cytokinesis?

A
  • Results in 4 genetically different haploid daughter cells
  • Division of the cytoplasm
  • A furrow furrows that pinches into 4 daughter cells w/ the same genetic information
41
Q

Identify the two steps in meiosis where nondisjunction could occur and Explain.

A
  • Meiosis I –> Homologous Pair + Nothing in the other –> 2 sister chromatids in 2 cells –> other 2 cells = nothing
  • Meiosis II –> Daugther cell separates normally + other does not seperate

Biology - Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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