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Biology - Human Anatomy > Chapter 1 - Characteristics of life + Homeostasis > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Characteristics of life + Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

Study of the structure of body parts.

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2
Q

What is Physiology?

A

Study of the functions of body parts.

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3
Q

List the 7 Characteristics of Life.

A
  1. Have molecules of life
  2. Living things are composed of cells
  3. Reproduction + Development
  4. Metabolism
  5. Respond to stimuli
  6. Maintaining Homeostasis
  7. Adaptive Traits
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4
Q

Explain the 1st Characteristic of life - Have molecules of life (4 points).

A

All living things possess molecules of life:
- Nucleic Acids: DNA + RNA —> hereditary genetic material that encode the production of proteins
- Proteins: Amino Acids —> growth + development + reproduction
- Carbohydrates —> source of energy
- Lipids —> energy storage + main component of cells

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5
Q

Explain the 2nd Characteristic of life - Living things are composed of cells (3 points).

A

All living things are composed of cells:
- A cell is a unit of life
- Can be unicellular = single cell
- Can be multicellular = multiple cells

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6
Q

Explain the 3rd Characteristic of life - Reproduction + Development (5 points).

A

All living things have the ability to reproduce:
- Asexual reproduction: individual reproduces by itself
- Sexual reproduction: Individual reproduces w/ the help of another

All living things have the ability to develop and grow:
- Growth: increase in size/nb of cells

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7
Q

Explain the 4th Characteristic of life - Metabolism (3 points).

A

All living things use raw materials + energy to carry out metabolism:
- Where all chemical reactions occur within living cells
- Responsible for nutrition + growth + repair + maintenance

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8
Q

Explain the 5th Characteristic of life - Respond to stimuli

A
  • All living things respond to physical/chemical changes in their internal/external environment.
  • Homeostasis would be impossible without this ability.
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9
Q

Explain the 6th Characteristic of life - Maintaining Homeostasis. Give a definition of Homeostasis (3 points).

A
  • Keeping an organism’s internal environment (tissue fluid —> bathes + supplies cells w/ nutrients + removes metabolic waste) steady despite external environment
  • Metabolism plays a role in feedback mechanism
  • Feedback Mechanism: Any changes in our systems (blood, temperature, sugar) triggers systems that tries to bring our body systems to set point (normal state)
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10
Q

What are 3 things that are needed for homeostasis?

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Control Center
  3. Effector
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11
Q

Explain what a receptor is (2 points).

A
  • Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli).
  • Sends info to control center
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12
Q

Explain what the control center is (3 points).

A
  • Determines set point
  • Analyzes set point
  • Determines appropriate response
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13
Q

Explain what the effector is.

A
  • Provides a means for a response to the stimulus.
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14
Q

Explain Negative Feedback system - 6th Characteristic of Life (Maintaining Homeostasis) + (5 points) –> T is hot outside.

A
  • Make change bigger (moving away from set point)
    Ex: Temperature is hot outside
    1. Hot TC outside (stimuli) —> increase body TC
    2. Sensory receptors in skin + blood vessels detect a change
    3. They send in for to the brain (control center) via afférent pathaway
    4. Brain integrates info + send response info to sweat glands (effectors)
    5. Sweat glands start to sweat to get rid of heat
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15
Q

Explain Positive Feedback system - 6th Characteristic of Life (Maintaining Homeostasis) + (5 points) –> Giving birth .

A
  • Counteract (moving closer to set point)
    1. head of baby pushing cervix (stimuli) —> increase in pain
    2. Nerve impulses from cervix detect a change
    3. They send info to the brain ( control center) via afférent pathaway
    4. Brain integrates info + sends response info to pituitary glands (effector)
    5. Pituitary glands produce oxytocin that stimulates contractions
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16
Q

Explain the 7th Characteristic of life - Adaptive Traits.

A

All living things must have adaptive traits in order to survive + produce + evolve

17
Q

Explain why a virus can be considered alive (3 points).

A
  • Contains genetic material
  • Uses host to reproduce
  • Can mutate and evolve
18
Q

Explain why a virus can be considered NOT alive (2 points).

A
  • Does not metabolize
  • Does not have organelles (normal cell structure)
19
Q

List the levels of biological organization (6 points).

A
  1. Atoms + Molecules
  2. Cells
  3. Tissues
  4. Organs
  5. Organ Systems
  6. Mutlticellular organisms
20
Q

Explain the 1st level of biological organization - Atoms + Molecules (3 points).

Give a definition of both terms.

A
  • Chemical component of cells
  • Atoms: unit of matter + smallest component of molecules
  • Molecules: made up of atoms + smallest unit of chemical compound
21
Q

Explain the 2nd level of biological organization - Cells.

Give an example of cells (3 points).

A
  • Cells are the smallest unit of life that is composed of molecules + pre-existing cells.
  • Organisms’ activities are based on cell activities.
  • Ex: Prokaryotic + Eukaryotic cells
22
Q

Explain the 3rd level of biological organization - Tissues.

Give an example.

A
  • Cells that carry out a specific function are grouped into tissues.
  • Muscle tissues: smooth/skeletal/cardiac muscle
23
Q

What are the four primary Tissue Types?

Give a definition of each of these types.

A
  1. Epithelial tissue: covers body surface + lines + cavities + organs + forms glands
  2. Connective tissue: store fat + participates in our immunity + provides support/protection for our organs
  3. Muscle tissue: Responsible for movement
  4. Nervous tissue: Coordinates body activities + Consists of neurons/neuroglia
24
Q

Explain the 4th level of biological organization - Organs.

Give an example of an organ.

A
  • Group of tissues that perform together a specific function.
  • The stomach is composed of muscles + nerves –> function is to digest
25
Q

Explain the 5th level of biological organization - Organ System.

Give an example of an organ system.

A
  • Group of organs that perform together a specific function.
  • Digestive system: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine
26
Q

Explain the 6th level of biological organization - Multicellular organisms.

A
  • Individual = independent living unit
  • May consist of a single cell (bacteria)
  • Billions of cells = organized into tissues + organ + organ systems

Biology - Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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