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Biology - Human Anatomy > Chapter 5 - Hereditary > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Hereditary Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of Hereditary?

A

The passing of traits to the next generation.

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2
Q

What is a gene?

A

Segment of DNA that codes for producing a protein (polypeptide).

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3
Q

What is an allele? (2 points)

A
  • An alternative version of a gene located on a specific site of a specific chromosome
  • Inherited 1 from mother, the other from father
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4
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Combination of alleles present for a characteristic in a particular organism.

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5
Q

What is a phenotype? (2 points)

A
  • Includes physical appearance, internal anatomy, physiology, and behavior
    – Reflects an organism’s overall genotype
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6
Q

Explain Mendel’s contribution to the laws of heredity. (3 points)

A
  • Discovered how traits are passed from one generation to the next (the basics of hereditary) by breeding peas in a gardening experiment
  • Deduced that genes are inherited –> one from each parent.
  • Tracked where parental genes were separated through the appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits.
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7
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele that masks the presence of another different allele (Upper case)

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8
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele whose presence is masked by a dominant allele (Lower case)

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9
Q

Which genotypes determine a dominant homozygous phenotype? Use the letter E

A

EE

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10
Q

Which genotypes determine a dominant hetereozygous phenotype? Use the letter E

A

Ee

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11
Q

Which genotypes determine a homozygous recessive phenotype? Use the letter E

A

ee

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12
Q

What are monohybrid crosses?

A

Crosses that compare 1 trait

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13
Q

What is a genotypic ratio?

A

Homozygous offspring: Heterozygous offspring

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14
Q

What is a phenotypic ratio?

A

Dominant phenotype: Recessive phenotype

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15
Q

What are dihybrid crosses? How many genotypes are possible?

A
  • Crosses that compare 2 traits
  • 9 genotypes
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16
Q

List the 3 steps when doing a dihybrid cross.

A
  1. Determine parents’ genotypes - characteristics (P generation)
  2. Determine parents’ sex cells (F1 generation)
  3. Set up Punnett square (F2 generation)
17
Q

Who determines the sex of the baby?

A

The father, because he can give either his X or Y chromosome but the mom, can only give X chromosome.

18
Q

What are sex-linked genes?

A
  • Genes located on the X or Y chromosomes.
19
Q

What are X-linked genes? (4 points)

A
  • Genes carried on the X chromosome
  • Sometimes, they have recessive alleles that are associated with certain disorders
  • X-linked recessive genes appear more often in males than females
  • Females can be carriers for x-linked recessive traits
20
Q

Why are sex-linked recessive disorders much more common in males than in females?

A

A female needs two copies of the allele but a male needs only one copy of the allele

21
Q

What are Y-linked genes? (2 points)

A
  • Genes carried on Y chromosome
  • Y-linked genes only show up in males
22
Q

What are the 2 sex chromosomal abnormalities found in males? What are their genotypes?

A
  • Klinefelter’s: XXY
  • Jacobs: XYY
23
Q

What are the 2 sex chromosomal abnormalities found in females? What are their genotypes?

A
  • Turner: X
  • Trisomy-X: XXX
24
Q

What is incomplete dominance? Give an example.

A
  • A heterozygous genotype produces a blending of the
    individual expressions of the two alleles.
  • For example, wavy hair (straight + curly hair allele)
25
Q

What is codominance?

A
  • A heterozygous genotype that simultaneously expresses equally the phenotype of both alleles. (Both = dominant)
  • For example, AB blood type where IA and IB are both expressed
26
Q

What is the Phenotype for these blood types: A, B, AB, and O?

A
  • A: IA IA or IA i
  • B: IB IB or IB i
  • AB: IA IB
  • O: ii
27
Q

In a pedigree, which shape is used to represent a female and a male?

A
  • Female: Circle
  • Male: Square
28
Q

In a pedigree, how can you tell an individual has been affected by a trait?

A

If their shape is colored in.

29
Q

In a pedigree, how can you tell an individual is a carrier of a trait?

A

If their shape is half colored in.

Biology - Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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