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Psychology 2070 > Chapter 9: Relationships & Attraction > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Relationships & Attraction Flashcards

1
Q

Researchers must rely on — to examine the dynamics that unfold over time in preexisting relationships. There is always the concern of – bias

A

longitudinal methods

self-selection

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2
Q

human beings (and many other kinds of animals) have what appears to be ——- for belonging in —–

A

a biological need

relationships

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3
Q

Why do we have a biological need to belong?

A
  • relationships help individual and their offspring survive
  • friendships is a means for non-kin to cooperate in survival-related tasks (gathering food and fighting predators)
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4
Q

What did Harlow’s rhesus monkey experiment show?

A
  • evidence for the biological need to belong
  • monkeys preferred the surrogate that looked like a monkey rather than on the one that provided food
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5
Q

what is evidence for the marriage benefit?

A
  • mortality rates are higher for divorced, unmarried, and widowed people
  • suicide and crime rathers are also lighter for single and divorced people
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6
Q

What is a communal relationship?

A

Individuals in the relationship feel a special responsibility for one another and often expect the relationship to be LONG TERM (family-like identity)
- individuals give and receive according the whoever has a greater NEED

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7
Q

What is an EXCHANGE RELATIONSHIP?

A
  • trade based
  • short term
  • no special responsibility for one another’s well-being
  • governed by equity (get what you give) and reciprocity
  • salespeople, workers
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8
Q

Even the most intimate relationships to a certain extent is based on —-

A

Rewards

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9
Q

What is the SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY

A

Humans (wanting to maximize their own satisfaction) seek rewards in their interaction with others and are willing to pay certain costs to obtain those rewards

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10
Q

What is the COMPARISON LEVEL?

A

The expectations people have about what they should get out of a relationship
- high comparison level: expect more from relationships
- low comparison level: expect less from relationships

standard for social exchange theory of relationships

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11
Q

What is the comparison level for alternatives?

A
  • the outcomes people think they can get out of alternative relationships
  • if there are many alternative people/options, more likely to have a higher comparison level
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12
Q

What is the equity theory?

A
  • too many rewards and two few costs in a relationship seems unfair
  • people are motivated to pursue fairness/equity in their relationships
  • individualistic cultures
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13
Q

What is the ATTACHMENT THEORY?

A

Early attachments with our parents and other primary caregivers shape our relationships for the rest of our lives

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14
Q

What are the 3 attachments types according to the attachment theory?

A

Secure: easy to get close with others and comfortable depending on them
Avoidant: caregivers distant; attempts to be intimate are rebuffed
Anxious-ambivalent: caregivers are inconsistent

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15
Q

What is the anxiety dimension of attachment?

A

Amount of fear a person feels about rejection and abandonment within close relationships

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16
Q

What is the avoidance dimension of attachment?

A

The degree to which a person is comfortable with intimacy and dependence in adult relationships or finds them aversive

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17
Q

A securely attached person is —-

A

Low in the anxiety dimension of attachment and low in avoidance dimension of attachment

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18
Q

how and the housing in westgate west demonstrate friendship formation?

A

Increase proximity = increase friendships because it facilitates chance encounters

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19
Q

What is functional distance?

A

how easy it is to come into contact with a person

became easier in digital age

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20
Q

What is the mere exposure effect?

A

The idea that repeated exposure to a stimulus, such as an object/person leads to greater liking of the stimulus

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21
Q

What is complementarity?

A

The tendency for people to seek out others with characteristics that are different from / complement their own, but only works when the needs of one person is met by the other

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22
Q

What is the halo effect

A

The common belief (accurate or not) that attractive individuals possess a host of positive qualities beyond physical appearance

what is beautiful is good

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23
Q

What is reproductive fitness?

A

The capacity to pair one’s gener on to subsequent generations

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24
Q

In terms of proximity to form friendships, - distance is more important then - distance

A

Functional, physical

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25
Why does the mere exposure effect work?
l. People find it easier to perceive and cognitively process familiar stimuli 2. Repeated exposure with no negative consequences forms a comfortable attachment
26
Besides proximity, - can also increase attraction / friendship
Similarity
27
What is the status exchange hypothesis?
Extension of complementarity concept - romantic attraction increases when 2 individuals offer each other elevated status where they themsetes are lacking
28
Benefits of physical attractiveness
Halo effect, make more money, less harshly punished for crimes, more friends & seen as better romantic partners, depends on culture (individualistic: assertive, interdependent: generous)
29
How is the role of attractiveness different between genders?
More effect for women: unattractive women have more negative work experiences and have less
30
Considering physical attractiveness in evolution,
Bilateral symmetry is a sign of reproductive fitness
31
How do gender s differ in mate preference?
Investment in offspring is much higher for females (produce less eggs in lifetime and reduced fertility -more selective
32
What are the 3 categories of love?
l. Companionate love 2. Compassionate love 3. 3. Romantic love
33
What is companionate love?
Friends and family members (trust, share interests, like to be around)
34
What is compassionate love?
- Communal relationship - Bonds that focus on monitoring and responding to other’s needs - parents looking out for children - spouse putting their partners needs above their own
35
What is romantic love?
Intense emotion, sexual desire (passionate love)
36
What is the typical time course of romantic love?
1. early: intense passion/arousal 2. spend more time with each other - passion decrease and intimacy increase 3. include partner's charac, perspe, experiences, in own self-concept
37
What is the investment model of commitment?
A model of interpersonal relationships maintains there are three determinants that make partners more **committed** to each other
38
3 components of commitment?
1. relationship satisfaction: rewards + costs (believe in future satisfaction) 2. few alternative partners 3. investments in the relationship (invest more time, effort)
39
What is perceived partner responsiveness?
the degree to which people perceive their partners as being understanding, validating, and responsive to their needs.
40
What are predictors of dissatisfaction and divorce?
Neurotic people (anxious, tense), low self esteem, highly sensitive to rejection, lower socioeconomic status, marry young
41
What are the 4 most harmful behaviours in a relationship?
Criticism, stonewalling, defensiveness, contempt
42
What are dangerous attributions in a relationship?
Blame, seeing actions in a negative light (giving a gift)
43
How to create stronger romantic bonds?
1. Capitalize on the good (share good news) 2. Playfulness 3. Open communication 4. Find the good in partner 5. willingness to sacrifice and compromise
44
In the brain, being in love -
Activity in reward regions in the brain (oxytocin and dopamine) and deactivated amygdala (threat perception)
45
Marriages arranged by parents are advantageous because,
Avoid socioeconomic status gap, lack of expecting romantic love, instead for companionate love
46
What are the rules of attraction?
1. proximity/familiarity 2. similarity 3. reciprocipy 4. physical attractiveness
47
Why is proximity and familiarity important in attraction?
1. propinquity: actual physical distance (mere exposure effect) 2. functional distance:
48
What is the similarity matching hypothesis? | EXCEPTION?
people of equal physical attractiveness (and values) tend to seek each other as mates | highly masc men r attracted to highly fem women; high dom. prefer sub.
49
What is the norm of reciprocity? exception?
we like others who like us but not if they are know to like everyone else
50
attributes that are considered attractive in both men and women?
- facial symetry suggests health - clear skin - prominent cheeh bones - men: strong jawline, large chin - women: signs of youth
51
What do people look for in short-term partners?
- both men and women prioritize looks - allocated more money to physical attractiveness than any other trait
52
What do people look for in long-term partners?
men: intelligence, looks, kindness women: intelligence, income, kindness | ALL CULTURES & SOs: KIND & INTEL. R HIGHer than PA/ EARNING POTENTIAL
53
gender diferences in mate preference?
men: physical attarctiveness more important and younger women wmen: more important to indicate ability to provide and prefer older men
54
What are the 5 categories of behaviours that are red flags in an intimate partner?
1. monitoring 2. controlling 3. demeaning 4. threatening/aggressive 5. jealous/possessive
55
Anxiously attached individuals tended
to downplay the significance of moderate red flags
56
Avoidantly attached individuals, particularly women, tend to
minimize the significance of severe red flags driven by their inclination to maintain emotional distance in relationships
57
What is sternberg's triangular theory of love?
1. passion 2. intimacy 3. commitment
58
passion in triangular theory of love?
- intense physical and sexual attraction to one’s partner - an intense longing to be with them - strong feelings of angst if you can’t be with that person - giddy and euphoric to describe how they feel
59
intimacy in triangular theory of love?
- affective - warmth and closeness - also with familty and friends - telepathic - free to be onese'd
60
commitment in triangular theory of love?
Decision to love someone and long term dedication to maintain love

Psychology 2070 (11 decks)

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