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Psychology 2070 > Chapter 9: Relationships & Attraction > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Relationships & Attraction Flashcards

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1
Q

Researchers must rely on — to examine the dynamics that unfold over time in preexisting relationships. There is always the concern of – bias

A

longitudinal methods

self-selection

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2
Q

human beings (and many other kinds of animals) have what appears to be ——- for belonging in —–

A

a biological need

relationships

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3
Q

Why do we have a biological need to belong?

A
  • relationships help individual and their offspring survive
  • friendships is a means for non-kin to cooperate in survival-related tasks (gathering food and fighting predators)
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4
Q

What did Harlow’s rhesus monkey experiment show?

A
  • evidence for the biological need to belong
  • monkeys preferred the surrogate that looked like a monkey rather than on the one that provided food
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5
Q

what is evidence for the marriage benefit?

A
  • mortality rates are higher for divorced, unmarried, and widowed people
  • suicide and crime rathers are also lighter for single and divorced people
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6
Q

What is a communal relationship?

A

Individuals in the relationship feel a special responsibility for one another and often expect the relationship to be LONG TERM (family-like identity)
- individuals give and receive according the whoever has a greater NEED

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7
Q

What is an EXCHANGE RELATIONSHIP?

A
  • trade based
  • short term
  • no special responsibility for one another’s well-being
  • governed by equity (get what you give) and reciprocity
  • salespeople, workers
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8
Q

Even the most intimate relationships to a certain extent is based on —-

A

Rewards

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9
Q

What is the SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY

A

Humans (wanting to maximize their own satisfaction) seek rewards in their interaction with others and are willing to pay certain costs to obtain those rewards

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10
Q

What is the COMPARISON LEVEL?

A

The expectations people have about what they should get out of a relationship
- high comparison level: expect more from relationships
- low comparison level: expect less from relationships

standard for social exchange theory of relationships

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11
Q

What is the comparison level for alternatives?

A
  • the outcomes people think they can get out of alternative relationships
  • if there are many alternative people/options, more likely to have a higher comparison level
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12
Q

What is the equity theory?

A
  • too many rewards and two few costs in a relationship seems unfair
  • people are motivated to pursue fairness/equity in their relationships
  • individualistic cultures
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13
Q

What is the ATTACHMENT THEORY?

A

Early attachments with our parents and other primary caregivers shape our relationships for the rest of our lives

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14
Q

What are the 3 attachments types according to the attachment theory?

A

Secure: easy to get close with others and comfortable depending on them
Avoidant: caregivers distant; attempts to be intimate are rebuffed
Anxious-ambivalent: caregivers are inconsistent

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15
Q

What is the anxiety dimension of attachment?

A

Amount of fear a person feels about rejection and abandonment within close relationships

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16
Q

What is the avoidance dimension of attachment?

A

The degree to which a person is comfortable with intimacy and dependence in adult relationships or finds them aversive

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17
Q

A securely attached person is —-

A

Low in the anxiety dimension of attachment and low in avoidance dimension of attachment

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18
Q

how and the housing in westgate west demonstrate friendship formation?

A

Increase proximity = increase friendships because it facilitates chance encounters

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19
Q

What is functional distance?

A

how easy it is to come into contact with a person

became easier in digital age

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20
Q

What is the mere exposure effect?

A

The idea that repeated exposure to a stimulus, such as an object/person leads to greater liking of the stimulus

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21
Q

What is complementarity?

A

The tendency for people to seek out others with characteristics that are different from / complement their own, but only works when the needs of one person is met by the other

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22
Q

What is the halo effect

A

The common belief (accurate or not) that attractive individuals possess a host of positive qualities beyond physical appearance

what is beautiful is good

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23
Q

What is reproductive fitness?

A

The capacity to pair one’s gener on to subsequent generations

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24
Q

In terms of proximity to form friendships, - distance is more important then - distance

A

Functional, physical

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25
Q

Why does the mere exposure effect work?

A

l. People find it easier to perceive and cognitively process familiar stimuli
2. Repeated exposure with no negative consequences forms a comfortable attachment

26
Q

Besides proximity, - can also increase attraction / friendship

A

Similarity

27
Q

What is the status exchange hypothesis?

A

Extension of complementarity concept - romantic attraction increases when 2 individuals offer each other elevated status where they themsetes are lacking

28
Q

Benefits of physical attractiveness

A

Halo effect, make more money, less harshly punished for crimes, more friends & seen as better romantic partners, depends on culture (individualistic: assertive, interdependent: generous)

29
Q

How is the role of attractiveness different between genders?

A

More effect for women: unattractive women have more negative work experiences and have less

30
Q

Considering physical attractiveness in evolution,

A

Bilateral symmetry is a sign of reproductive fitness

31
Q

How do gender s differ in mate preference?

A

Investment in offspring is much higher for females (produce less eggs in lifetime and reduced fertility -more selective

32
Q

What are the 3 categories of love?

A

l. Companionate love
2. Compassionate love
3. 3. Romantic love

33
Q

What is companionate love?

A

Friends and family members (trust, share interests, like to be around)

34
Q

What is compassionate love?

A
  • Communal relationship
  • Bonds that focus on monitoring and responding to other’s needs
  • parents looking out for children
  • spouse putting their partners needs above their own
35
Q

What is romantic love?

A

Intense emotion, sexual desire (passionate love)

36
Q

What is the typical time course of romantic love?

A
  1. early: intense passion/arousal
  2. spend more time with each other - passion decrease and intimacy increase
  3. include partner’s charac, perspe, experiences, in own self-concept
37
Q

What is the investment model of commitment?

A

A model of interpersonal relationships maintains there are three determinants that make partners more committed to each other

38
Q

3 components of commitment?

A
  1. relationship satisfaction: rewards + costs (believe in future satisfaction)
  2. few alternative partners
  3. investments in the relationship (invest more time, effort)
39
Q

What is perceived partner responsiveness?

A

the degree to which people perceive their partners as being understanding, validating, and responsive to their needs.

40
Q

What are predictors of dissatisfaction and divorce?

A

Neurotic people (anxious, tense), low self esteem, highly sensitive to rejection, lower socioeconomic status, marry young

41
Q

What are the 4 most harmful behaviours in a relationship?

A

Criticism, stonewalling, defensiveness, contempt

42
Q

What are dangerous attributions in a relationship?

A

Blame, seeing actions in a negative light (giving a gift)

43
Q

How to create stronger romantic bonds?

A
  1. Capitalize on the good (share good news)
  2. Playfulness
  3. Open communication
  4. Find the good in partner
  5. willingness to sacrifice and compromise
44
Q

In the brain, being in love -

A

Activity in reward regions in the brain (oxytocin and dopamine) and deactivated amygdala (threat perception)

45
Q

Marriages arranged by parents are advantageous because,

A

Avoid socioeconomic status gap, lack of expecting romantic love, instead for companionate love

46
Q

What are the rules of attraction?

A
  1. proximity/familiarity
  2. similarity
  3. reciprocipy
  4. physical attractiveness
47
Q

Why is proximity and familiarity important in attraction?

A
  1. propinquity: actual physical distance (mere exposure effect)
  2. functional distance:
48
Q

What is the similarity matching hypothesis?

EXCEPTION?

A

people of equal physical attractiveness (and values) tend to seek each other as mates

highly masc men r attracted to highly fem women; high dom. prefer sub.

49
Q

What is the norm of reciprocity? exception?

A

we like others who like us but not if they are know to like everyone else

50
Q

attributes that are considered attractive in both men and women?

A
  • facial symetry suggests health
  • clear skin
  • prominent cheeh bones
  • men: strong jawline, large chin
  • women: signs of youth
51
Q

What do people look for in short-term partners?

A
  • both men and women prioritize looks
  • allocated more money to physical attractiveness than any other trait
52
Q

What do people look for in long-term partners?

A

men: intelligence, looks, kindness
women: intelligence, income, kindness

ALL CULTURES & SOs: KIND & INTEL. R HIGHer than PA/ EARNING POTENTIAL

53
Q

gender diferences in mate preference?

A

men: physical attarctiveness more important and younger women
wmen: more important to indicate ability to provide and prefer older men

54
Q

What are the 5 categories of behaviours that are red flags in an intimate partner?

A
  1. monitoring
  2. controlling
  3. demeaning
  4. threatening/aggressive
  5. jealous/possessive
55
Q

Anxiously attached individuals tended

A

to downplay the significance of moderate red flags

56
Q

Avoidantly attached individuals, particularly women, tend to

A

minimize the significance of severe red flags driven by their inclination to maintain emotional distance in relationships

57
Q

What is sternberg’s triangular theory of love?

A
  1. passion
  2. intimacy
  3. commitment
58
Q

passion in triangular theory of love?

A
  • intense physical and sexual attraction to one’s partner
  • an intense longing to be with them
  • strong feelings of angst if you can’t be with that person
  • giddy and euphoric to describe how they feel
59
Q

intimacy in triangular theory of love?

A
  • affective
  • warmth and closeness
  • also with familty and friends
  • telepathic
  • free to be onese’d
60
Q

commitment in triangular theory of love?

A

Decision to love someone and long term dedication to maintain love

Psychology 2070 (11 decks)

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