Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 2070 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is a theory?

A

set of principles that explains, organizes, and predicts behaviour and events

misinterpreted term for “hunch”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the purpose of a theory?

A
  • guide research
  • organize knowledge
  • yield testable hypotheses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Cognitive Dissonance Theory?

What was the hypothesis for this theory?

does this actually happen?

A

explains how people react when aware of inconsistencies in their thoughts, attitudes and behaviours

hypothesis: when made aware of hypocritical behaviour, a person will change their behaviour (to align with belief)

belief:bad to text & drive
action:does it still
aware:accident
now stop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Theory construction is a ____ process

A

gradual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A theory gains acceptance when alternative hypotheses are ______

the opposite occurs when:

A

falsified

fail to replicate or error design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the observational method?

A

describe a sample/population, to document their characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the observational method is not concerned with:

A

cause and effect
- not explain why something occurs but what is occuring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the two types of observational research?

A

naturalistic observation and archival research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is naturalistic observation?

A

researcher observes and records behaviour without intervening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

example of naturalistic observation experiment? results

A

gender differences in interruptions by tape-recorded conversations in public places

results: 96% of interruptions made by men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when would you use naturalistic observation?

A

when unethical/unpractical to experiment

want people to be honest when unknowingly observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the issue with naturalistic observation?

A

unethical bc researcher watches interactions w/out asking and ask after interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an archival research?

A

consult archival/old records like magazines and newspapers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is an example of archival research? what was the result

A

analyzed content of statements made by mass shooters from 1966-2012
- assessed motivations: many is motivated by fame
- similarly orchestrated crimes due to publicity

result: reduce media coverage, images and perpetrator name mentionings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is correlational research?

A

examine the relationship between two non- manipulated variables, where one variable predicts the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a positive correlation?

A

increases in value of one variable are associated with increases in value of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

increases in value of one variable associated with decrease in value of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

are correlational studies causal conclusions?

A

Correlation does not imply causation
ex. missing class doesn’t necessarily cause lower grades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what

what is the correlation coefficient?

A

r
ranges from -1 to 1
close to 1 = higher correlation

20
Q

Experimental Research involves…

A

the manipulation of one or more independent variables (I.V.)

21
Q

Effect of I.V.(s) measured on one or more ________________ variables

A

dependent

22
Q

experimental research represents the most…

A

reliable source of evidence in evaluating research

23
Q

what are the advantages of experimental research?

A
  • generate cause and effect conclusions
  • better control over extraneous variables
24
Q

what are extraneous variables?

A

variables other than the I.V. that might influence the D.V.

25
Q

What is random assignment?

A

aspect of experimental research when Each P in the study has an equal chance of being in any condition, the variation due to natural differences cancel out

26
Q

What is internal validity?

A

ensuring that ONLY the IVs influences the D.V.

27
Q

What is external validity

A

the degree to which the conclusions in your study generalize to other people and other situations (other cultures, types of people)

28
Q

How can you ensure internal validity?

A

random assignment and use of control group

29
Q

What are the issues with experimental research?

A
  1. challenging to conduct an experiment in which internal and external validity are both high
  2. difficult to replicate (flawed methods or societal changes over time)
30
Q

what did the issues in replicating experiments lead to?

A

more rigourous experiments

31
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

tendency to believe a er learning about some outcome that you could have predicted it

32
Q

What is a thought experiment?

A

thinking through how you could test if actually performing the test is unethical/resources are insufficient

33
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A prediction about what will happen under particular circumstances

34
Q

what is a theory?

A

A set of related propositions intended to describe some phenomena or aspect of the world

35
Q

What is dissonance theory?

A

People like their thoughts to be consistent with one another and with their actions.
- people will do a lot of metal work to achieve this cognitive consistency

36
Q

What are surveys?

A

Type of psychological study by asking people questions in interviews or written questionnaires
- they must represent the the target population as a whole

37
Q

What is the difference between random samples and convenience samples?

A

Random: likely capture the proportions of given types of people in the population as a whole

Convenience: can produce proportions that are severely skewed away from the actual proportions in the population as a whole (may be biased)

38
Q

What is correlational research?

A

Measure 2+ variables and determine if they are related

39
Q

What is experimental research?

A

Correlational research + make inference about why a relationship exists

40
Q

Correlation does not…

A

Establish causation

41
Q

What is self-selection?

A

In correlational research, the situation in which the participant, rather than the researcher determines the participant’s level of each variable

42
Q

What is a third variable?

A

A variable, often unmeasured in correlational research that can be the actual explanation for the relationship between the two measured variables

43
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

A study conducted at different points in time with the same participants

44
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

In correlational research, this variable is measured

In experimental research this variable is manipulated (hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome)

45
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

In experimental research, the variable is measured
Hypothesized to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable

46
Q

What is control condition?

A

A condition comparable to experimental conditions except the one ingredient hypothesized to produce the expected effect on the dependent variable

Psychology 2070 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions