Chapter 10: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination Flashcards
What is a stereotype?
mental representations (schemas) about the attributes possessed by members of a (social) group regardless of variation amonf the group
positive or negative BELIEF
What is prejudice?
An ATTITUDE or affective response (negative) toward a group and its individual members
What is discrimination?
Favourable or unfavourable treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group
BEHAVIOUR
What is modern/aversive racism?
Prejudice directed at racial groups that exist alongside the rejection of explicitly racist beliefs
- people who do not consider themselves prejudice
- response with denial, defensiveness
microaggressions?
: assume certain people have a certain job, or automatic response to certain types of people
part of modern prejudice
in modern prejudice, people –
denial of continued discrimination
- Traditionally disadvantaged groups are pushing too hard, demands are unfair
- Opposed to programs designed to even the playing field (ex. equal funding for women’s sports)
How is modern prejudice seen in application qualifications?
- if ambiguous application, 2x more timely to hire white over black person
- white sounding names get 50% more interviews, so people that whitened their name got more call backs
What is the implicit association test (IAT)?
A technique for revealing non conscious attitudes toward different stimuli, particularly groups of people
What is priming?
- presentation of info designed to activate a concept and hence make it accessible
- A prime is the stimulus presented to activate the concept in question
What is affect misattribution procedure (AMP)?
A priming procedure designed to assess people’s implicit associations to di erent stimuli, including their associations to various ethnic, racial, gender, and occupational groups
show ethnic person then neutral object -> rate neutral object
What is benevolent sexism?
a chivalrous ideology marked by protectiveness and affection toward women who embrace conventional roles (coexists with hostile sexism)
What is hostile sexism?
dislike of nontraditional women and those seen as usurping men’s power (coexists with benevolent sexism)
What are the 2 indirect, non self report measures of prejudice and stereotyping?
- implicit association test
- priming procedures
What is the realistic group conflict theory?
A theory that group conflict prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups form limited resources (economic down turn)
What are the three general perspective of the cause of stereotyping/prejudice/discrimination?
- economic perspective
- motivational perspective
- cognitive perspective
What is ethnocentrism?
Glorifying one’s own group while vilifying other groups
What is a subordinate goal?
A goal that transcends the interests of any one group and that can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together (boys camp)
What is the minimal group paradigm?
An experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these “minimal groups” are inclined to behave toward one another
What is the ingroup favoritism?
willingness to lose points as long as you beat the other team (21 us and 15 them vs 18 us and 3 them)
What is the social identity theory?
The idea that a person’s self-concept and self-esteem derive not only from personal identity and accomplishments but
also from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs
us vs them
What is “basking in reflected glory”?
Taking pride in the accomplishments of other people in one’s group, such as when sports fans identify with a winning team (also opposite: feel better about self if outgroup down)
according to the cognitive perspective on stereotypes, people are more likely to fall back on stereotypes when
they lack mental energy
paired distinctiveness
the pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they occur together (ie. a minority + doing something negative)
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?
treating people in a way that encourages the behaviour they expect to see (ex. teacher helping smart students succeed)
What is sub typing?
Explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole (ex. someone who is interracial)
What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?
the tendency for people to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than for ingroups
overestimate the extend for which people in outgroups are alike
What is the own-race identification bias?
e tendency for people to be better able to recognize and distinguish faces from their own race than from other races
What is the Contact Hypothesis?
The proposition that prejudice can be reduced by putting members of different groups in frequent contact with one another
What is multiculturalism?
A diversity ideology that encourages the acknowledgment and appreciation of people’s uni ue cultural and ethnic
identities
What is colour-blindness?
A diversity ideology that encourages treating others as unique individuals and downplaying or ignoring cultural and ethnic group difference s
What is required for the contact hypothesis to work?
- equal status of 2 groups
- interdependence: common goal/opponent
- community support/social norms
What is the economic perspective of stereotyping?
identify the root of intergroup hostility in competing interests that can pit the groups against each other
What is the motivational perspective of stereotyping?
psychological needs that lead to intergroup con flirt (us/them)
What is the cognitive perspective of stereotyping?
traces the origins of stereotyping to the same cognitive processes that enable people to categorize, say, items
What are the forms of prejudice?
- old-fashioned
- modern prejudice
What is old-fashioned prejudice?
- prejudice that is personally endorsed
- person believes them group is superior to others and publicly admits this
rare but still exists
What does the Social Identity Theory say about prejudice?
prejudice develops from the need to feel good about oneself and in outgroup failiures
What are cognitive sources of prejudice and discrimination?
- oversimplification
- stereotypes distort information processing (look for infor that confirms stereotype)
- stereotypes can be self-perpetuating
What are the costs of prejudice and stereotyping from the targets perspective?
- material cost (not offered best deal)
- self-fulfilling prophecies
- stereotype threat
- hesistant to report prejudice
Experiment for stereotype threat?
stereotype: women less skilled at math
- with threat, women performed much worse (more anxiety)
What is Personal-group discrimination discrepancy?
Tendency for people to report less personal discrimination than the average member of their group
working women, members of minority ethic groups
Why do people do Personal-group discrimination discrepancy?
- Motivation to feel in control of life
- Don’t want to be labeled as complainers
- Justification for inaction
Jane Elliot;s experiment caused
improved empathy for discrimination
Reducing prejudice ideas?
What doesn’t work?
- multiculturalism
- role play/education
- contact hypothesis
- striving to be antiracist (identify racist ideas and racist policies)
colourblindness
Students in jigsaw groups
- showed increased liking for classmates
- performed better on tests
- enjoyed school more
