Chapter 9 - PSF IV Flashcards

1
Q

1

XさえY

A

Even X Y, Y even X

  • 「 XさえY」means ”Y(verb group) even X”
  • In this way, X is highlighted with ”even X”
  • 「も」, which is an emphasizing particle, can be also used in the similar way.
  • it is also a synonym to 「すら」
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2
Q

2

〜 すら

A

Even 〜

  • 「 Xすら」means also ” even X”
  • In this way, X is highlighted with ”even X”
  • it has the similar meaning as “さえ” but 「すら」 is older expression and it is not as often used as 「さえ」
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3
Q

3

S1ぐらい(くらい)S2

A

S2 to the extent that S1

  • 「 S1ぐらい(くらい)S2」means ”S2 to the extent that S1”
  • 「short form ぐらい」indicate an approximate range, degree, or quantity of things or affairs.

Kort form +ぐらい
Verb(dictionary form) + ぐらいorくらい
Verb(ない form) + ぐらいorくらい
Noun + ぐらいorくらい

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4
Q

4

〜 上で

A

In 〜 ing, for 〜ing

  • 「 〜上で」means ”in 〜ing”, ”for 〜ing” “when 〜doing” means similar to 「 〜 Vた時に」.
  • This expression is used when you want to emphrasise something important, necessary, etc. in the latter sentence when doing ” 〜”
  • (extra info)「たform+上で」では、「〜してから」の意味になる。
    まちがいがないかチェックした上で、テストを出してください。
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5
Q

5

〜にちがいない

A

Must be 〜

  • 「 short form + にちがいない 」means ”I am sure that …” ”it must be…”
  • 「 short form + にちがいない 」 shows something the speaker is certain about.
  • It means similar to 「に決まっている」「short form+はずだ」

Short form +にちがいない
Verb(short form) + にちがいない
いadjective(short form + にちがいない
なadjective(without な/である)+ にちがいない
Noun(である) + にちがいない

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6
Q

6

〜もの

A

Because 〜

  • 「 short/long form + もの 」means ”because…” ”it is because…”
  • This expression, especially the latter convination is often used by women or children, rarely by men.
  • In speaking, it can be 「もん」. After 「Pもの」, the latter sentence is often a judgement, assertion, etc.
  • Often used with 「だって…もの/もん」

Short/long form +もの
Verb(short/long form) (+のだ) + もの/もん
いadjective(short/long form) (+のだ) + もの/もん
なadjective(without な)+だ (+のだ) + もの/もん
Noun +だ (+のだ) + もの/もん

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