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SLK 220 > Chapter 9: Prosocial Behaviour: Doing What's Best for Others > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Prosocial Behaviour: Doing What's Best for Others Flashcards

1
Q

Prosocial behaviour

A

doing something that is good for other people or for society as a whole.

  • Behaviour that respects others or that allows society to operate.
  • Builds relationships.
  • Opposite of anti-social behaviour (doing something bad for others or society; usually destroys relationships)
  • Most social psychologists mostly talk about HELPING.
  • Others look at Obedience and Conformity as well
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2
Q

Rule of law

A

When members of a society (including its most powerful leaders) respect and follow its rules.
* The rule of law is a huge boost to the quality of life.
* Other societal factors can also influence prosocial behaviour; e.g. children who lose
their parents to HIV/Aids has shown to have a more internal & external connectedness to school (school returns some normality) which fosters prosocial behaviour.

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3
Q

How can Prosocial behaviour also be influenced by experiences

A

Children whose parents have cancer tend to show more resilient, helping, caring, sharing and mature social behaviours.

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4
Q

How can the presence of others stimulate prosocial behaviour

A
  • One PURPOSE of prosocial behaviour is to get yourself accepted into a group
  • Self-interest will thus determine whether you will be accepted into a group.
  • Compliance is better in public settings.
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5
Q

What motivates prosocial behaviour actions

A

Wanting to make a good impression

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6
Q

Reciprocity

A

The obligation to return in kind what another has done for us.

‘If you do something for me, and I don’t reciprocate, I’m likely to feel guilty about it.’

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7
Q

Explain the two ways reciprocity can come forth as

A
  • Direct: Help someone, they help you
  • Indirect: Help someone, someone else will likely help you.
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8
Q

Explain peoples willingness to help others based on reciprocity

A

People’s willingness to request or accept help, often depends on whether they think they will be able to pay it back.

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9
Q

Explain why one feels GRATITUDE when someone helps you

A

A positive emotion that results from the perception that one has benefitted from the costly, intentional, voluntary action of another person.

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10
Q

What does one feel when they are on the receiving end of someone’s generosity

A

Fairness

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11
Q

Explain Born to be Fair

A
  • Human being = cultural animals
  • Fairness = cultural norm
  • THUS, it is in our very nature to be fair.
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12
Q

Norms

A

Standards established by society to tell its members what types of behaviour are typical or expected

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13
Q

Name and explain the two norms that promote fairness:

A
  1. Equity: The idea that each person receives benefits in proportion to what they contribute.
  2. Equality: The idea that everyone gets the same amount, regardless what they contribute.
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14
Q

What leads to good relationships

A

Investing time
Energy
Resources

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15
Q

What risk do you run if you take without giving back

A

The risk of being EXCLUDED from the group

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16
Q

In what manner are people designed by nature

A

To belong to a system of fairness and social exchange

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17
Q

What is a major cause of depression regarding fairness

A

People who see themselves as takers and not givers

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18
Q

Why does one fear the outperformed may reject us

A

Sensitivity about being the target of a threatening upward comparison - interpersonal concern about the consequences of outperforming others.

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19
Q

Name the two kinds of unfairness:

A
  1. Under-benefitted: Getting less than you deserve
  2. Over-benefitted: Getting more than you deserve
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20
Q

How can one be fair

A

To object when being over- and under-benefitted

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21
Q

What does people feel that are over-benefitted

A

Guilty

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22
Q

Are children born with understanding reciprocity & fairness?

A
  • Seem to develop it rather early.
  • 4 – 8 yrs. Seem to understand that they need to pay back someone who has been mean to them.
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23
Q

Direct reciprocity

A

with aggressive/ anti-social acts; appears early in child
development. (child does it to just the person who has done them harm)

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24
Q

Generalised reciprocity

A

With prosocial acts, children return that behaviour to just about anyone

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25
When it comes to morality, what does prosocial behaviour institute
Actions that are morally good
26
Moral rules
Right vs Wrong
27
What does moral rules encourage
It encourages people to do what is best for the social group
28
How does one make people feel better in terms of morality
Performing morally good actions
29
In terms of the majority, what does immoral actions invoke
Pleasure
30
Morning morality effect
likelihood of immoral actions increases later in the day. [to do with self-control which is dependent on energy resource]
31
Moral Reasoning
using logical deductions to make moral judgements based on abstract principles of right and wrong.
32
Moral Intuitions
judgements (about whether an action is right or wrong) that occur automatically and rely on emotional feelings. 1. Has more influence than reasoning
33
Are moral principles irrelevant
No.People must explain and justify their actions to others, and invoking shared moral principles is an effective way to do this.
34
How is Political Behaviour often guided by strong moral values
* May contribute to disagreements between liberals and conservatives
35
Moral judgements can be traced to 5 different foundations
1. Disapproval of people hurting each other (liberals and conservatives) 2. Importance of fairness (liberals and conservatives) 3. Respect for legitimate authority (conservatives) 4. Loyalty to one's groups (conservatives) 5. Purity/sanctity (conservatives)
36
Cooperation
working together with someone for mutual or reciprocal benefit. Vital and relatively simple form of prosocial behaviour
37
Prisoner's dilemma
a game that forces people to choose between cooperation and competition. Also called a non-zero-sum game
38
Non-zero-sum game
An interaction in which both participants can win/lose
39
Zero-sum games
A situation in which one person's gain is another person's loss
40
What two strategies does these two games have
1. Being antagonistic (feeling active opposition) 2. Being cooperative (Working towards a common goal)
41
What enabled humans to create civilisation
The willingness to trust strangers and cooperate with them
42
What does violence incite
Make people more agreeable, trusting and cooperative
43
altruistic punishment
the punisher is worse off as a result of punishing the rule-breaker.
44
Forgiveness
ceasing to feel angry toward or seek retribution against someone who has wronged you. * Forgiveness is about freeing someone from the obligation to pay you back in good * You don’t hold a grudge. * An important contributor to longer-lasting relationships is forgiveness. * Forgiveness can help to heal a relationship. * Couples who forgive each other have a higher level of relationship satisfaction.
45
Benefits of forgiveness
1. Release of guilt and debt. (the person who did something wrong) 2. Better physical & mental health than people who hold grudges. (the forgiver)
46
Downside of forgiveness
1. Invites people to offend again. * Forgiveness is linked to seeing the other person’s perspective and so avoiding cognitive biases that can drive people apart.
47
Factors that contribute to why people don't forgive
- Severity of the offence - Low-level of commitment to the relationship
48
What helps to bring forgiveness forth
- Apologising - Inner process (can also drive one away from forgiveness) - Some people are more forgiving than other Religious people & people with more advanced cognitive executive functions are more forgiving than non-religious people.
49
Why are Narcissistic people are less like to forgive
they are easily offended and expect outrageous compensation before they consider forgiving.
50
Obedience
Following orders from an authority figure. Can be prosocial
51
What are the important individual differences in obedience
agreeable people are more obedient than others, whereas liberals are less obedient than others.
52
What danger can an authority figure pose
when misguided, power-hungry, irresponsible leader gives immoral commands
53
Why is obedience the ultimate prosocial behaviour
It supports group life and helps cultures to succeed.
54
Conformity
Going along with the crowd, that is, saying or doing whatever other people are doing.
55
Why is conformity prosocial
People put others first and exhibit a strong desire to get along with others.
56
When do people mostly conform to social norms and behaviours
When they are being watched
57
Trust
a confidence that others will provide benefits and/or not harm you, even if they may be tempted to do otherwise.
58
What does trust enable
Enables strangers and non-relatives to cooperate
59
In terms of trust, what do people tend to show strangers
Excess trust
60
In terms of trust, what obligation does people feel they have
They feel obliged to trust the stranger and if they don't they feel guilty.
61
What is the trust game
It is founding that people trust others with good self control
62
Why do people help others
1. Evolutionary benefits 2. Two motives for helping: Altruism & Egoism
63
Evolutionary benefits
- tend to be selfish
64
Kin selection
The evolutionary tendency to help people who have our genes helping a sibling rather than a nephew
65
Empathy
Reacting to another's emotional state by experiencing the same emotional state.
66
Why is empathy decreasing in students
- self centredness Media is desensitising students
67
Egoistic helper
When a helper seeks to increase their own welfare by helping another
68
Altruistic helper
When a helper seeks to increase another's welfare and expects nothing in return
69
What is altruistic helper motivated by
Empathy
70
Empathy altruism hypothesis
The idea that empathy motivates people to reduce other people's distress, as by helping or comforting
71
Who helps whom
1. Helpful Personality 2. Similarity 3. Gender 4. Beautiful Victims 5. Belief in a just world 6. Emotion and mood
72
Similarity
People are more likely to help those who are similar to themselves
73
Beautiful Victims
People are more likely to help attractive individuals
74
Bystander effect
The finding that people are less likely to offer help when they are in a group than when they are alone.
75
5 step to helping
1. Notice that something is happening 2. Interpret meaning of event (is it an emergency) 3. Take responsibility for providing help 4. Know how to help 5. Provide help
76
Audience inhibition
Failure to help infant of others for fear of feeling like a fool if one's offer of help is rejected
77
Diffusion of responsibility
The reduction in feeling responsible that occurs when others are present
78
How can we increase helping
1. Getting help in a public setting 2. Provide helpful models 3. Teach moral inclusion
79
Moral inclusion
Involves treating all people as in-group members
80
outgroup members
People who belong to a different group

SLK 220 (12 decks)

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