Chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Flashcards
achievement test
a test designed to assess specific information learned in school
analytical style
a tendency to focus on the details of a task
association areas
parts of the brain where sensory, motor, and intellectual functions are linked
asthma
a chronic lung disease, characterized by sudden, potentially fatal attacks of breathing difficulty
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a mental disorder that causes children to have difficulty attending to and completing tasks
automaticity
the ability to recall information from long-term memory without using short-term memory capacity
balanced approach
reading instruction that combines explicit phonics instruction with other strategies for helping children acquire literacy
bilingual education
an approach to second-language education in which children receive instruction in two different languages
BMI-for-age
comparison of an individual child’s BMI against established norms for his or her age group and sex
class inclusion
the understanding that subordinate classes are included in larger, superordinate classes
concrete operational stage
Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, during which children construct schemes that enable them to think logically about objects and events in the real world
decentration
thinking that takes multiple variables into account
deductive logic
a type of reasoning, based on hypothetical premises, that requires predicting a specific outcome from a general principle
dyslexia
problems in reading, or the inability to read
English-as-a-second-language (ESL) program
an approach to second language education in which children attend English classes for part of the day and receive most of their academic instruction in English
excessive weight gain
a pattern in which children gain more weight in a year than is appropriate for their age and height
executive processes
information-processing skills that involve devising and carrying out strategies for remembering and solving problems
inclusive education
general term for education programs in which children with disabilities are taught in regular classrooms
inductive logic
a type or reasoning in which general principles are inferred from specific experiences
learning disability
a disorder in which a child has difficulty mastering a specific academic skill, even though she possesses normal intelligence and no physical or sensory handicaps
memory strategies
learned methods for remembering information
obese
a child whose BMI-for-age is at or above the 95th percentile
overweight
a child whose BMI-for-age is between the 85th and 95th percentiles
processing efficiency
the ability to make efficient use of short-term memory capacity
relational style
a tendency to ignore the details of a task in order to focus on the “big picture”
relative right-left orientation
the ability to identify right and left from multiple perspectives
reversibility
the understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be revered
selective attention
the ability to focus cognitive activity on the important elements of a problem or situation
severely obese
a child whose BMI-for-age is at or above the 99th percentile
spatial cognition
the ability to infer rules from and make predictions about the movement of objects in space
spatial perception
the ability to identify and act on relationships between objects in space
systematic and explicit phonics
planned, specific instructions in sound-letter correspondences
traumatic brain injury (TBI)
an injury to the head that results in diminished brain function such as a loss of consciousness, confusion, or drowsiness
