Chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

achievement test

Answer 1

a test designed to assess specific information learned in school

Question 2

analytical style

Answer 2

a tendency to focus on the details of a task

Question 3

association areas

Answer 3

parts of the brain where sensory, motor, and intellectual functions are linked

Question 4

asthma

Answer 4

a chronic lung disease, characterized by sudden, potentially fatal attacks of breathing difficulty

Question 5

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 5

a mental disorder that causes children to have difficulty attending to and completing tasks

Question 6

automaticity

Answer 6

the ability to recall information from long-term memory without using short-term memory capacity

Question 7

balanced approach

Answer 7

reading instruction that combines explicit phonics instruction with other strategies for helping children acquire literacy

Question 8

bilingual education

Answer 8

an approach to second-language education in which children receive instruction in two different languages

Question 9

BMI-for-age

Answer 9

comparison of an individual child’s BMI against established norms for his or her age group and sex

Question 10

class inclusion

Answer 10

the understanding that subordinate classes are included in larger, superordinate classes

Question 11

concrete operational stage

Answer 11

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, during which children construct schemes that enable them to think logically about objects and events in the real world

Question 12

decentration

Answer 12

thinking that takes multiple variables into account

Question 13

deductive logic

Answer 13

a type of reasoning, based on hypothetical premises, that requires predicting a specific outcome from a general principle

Question 14

dyslexia

Answer 14

problems in reading, or the inability to read

Question 15

English-as-a-second-language (ESL) program

Answer 15

an approach to second language education in which children attend English classes for part of the day and receive most of their academic instruction in English

Question 16

excessive weight gain

Answer 16

a pattern in which children gain more weight in a year than is appropriate for their age and height

Question 17

executive processes

Answer 17

information-processing skills that involve devising and carrying out strategies for remembering and solving problems

Question 18

inclusive education

Answer 18

general term for education programs in which children with disabilities are taught in regular classrooms

Question 19

inductive logic

Answer 19

a type or reasoning in which general principles are inferred from specific experiences

Question 20

learning disability

Answer 20

a disorder in which a child has difficulty mastering a specific academic skill, even though she possesses normal intelligence and no physical or sensory handicaps

Question 21

memory strategies

Answer 21

learned methods for remembering information

Question 22

obese

Answer 22

a child whose BMI-for-age is at or above the 95th percentile

Question 23

overweight

Answer 23

a child whose BMI-for-age is between the 85th and 95th percentiles

Question 24

processing efficiency

Answer 24

the ability to make efficient use of short-term memory capacity

Question 25

relational style

Answer 25

a tendency to ignore the details of a task in order to focus on the “big picture”

Question 26

relative right-left orientation

Answer 26

the ability to identify right and left from multiple perspectives

Question 27

reversibility

Answer 27

the understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be revered

Question 28

selective attention

Answer 28

the ability to focus cognitive activity on the important elements of a problem or situation

Question 29

severely obese

Answer 29

a child whose BMI-for-age is at or above the 99th percentile

Question 30

spatial cognition

Answer 30

the ability to infer rules from and make predictions about the movement of objects in space

Question 31

spatial perception

Answer 31

the ability to identify and act on relationships between objects in space

Question 32

systematic and explicit phonics

Answer 32

planned, specific instructions in sound-letter correspondences

Question 33

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Answer 33

an injury to the head that results in diminished brain function such as a loss of consciousness, confusion, or drowsiness