Chapter 9: Multigroup Design Flashcards
What is a multigroup design?
an experimental design with 3 or more levels of the IV
T or F: in a multigroup design, we can identify a potential nonlinear (or functional) relationship
TRUE
In order to see a non-linear relationship, there needs to be at least _____ independent variables
3
What is “methodological pluralism”?
a wide range of methods and strategies to answer the questions in an experiment
This is a oroblematic variable that unintentionally varies along with the manipulation, and can cause change to the dependent variable:
confound variable
What is an empty control group?
a group of participants who complete the dependent variable WITHOUT receiving ANY treatment (AND NO PLACEBO)
What type of response can be observed in the empty control group?
a baseline response
This group of participants falsely believe they are receiving the experimental treatment:
placebo group
What is a categorical variable?
a variable that represents categories or groups, and allows the participants to choose which option they prefer
This statistical test is used when we want to test whether the responses from at least 1 of the conditions is “marked differently” from the others:
One-way ANOVA
The first ANOVA test we should conduct is on our ______ to check the effectiveness
manipulation check
T or F: the one-way ANOVA only indicates that at least 1 condition is statistically different from the others
TRUE
What is a con of a one-way ANOVA test?
it does not tell us WHERE the specific conditions differ from the other conditions
This statistical test examines potential differences that were not predicted or anticipated prior to conducting the study:
exploratory analyses
To run an exploratory analyses, we have to run a _____ _____ test
post-hoc; examines ALL possible combinations of conditions to statistically account for the fact that we did not predict them prior to the study
To test the new and improved hypothesis after the exploratory analyses and post-hoc test, we need to use:
planned contrasts
What is a planned contrast?
a statistical test that examines comparisons between groups that we predicted ahead of time.
***it allows us combine conditions so we can compare them to other conditions in the study
What type of test should be run if you have a categorical dependent variable?
chi-square test of independence
This test tells us if the distribution of participants accross categories (O) deviates from what would be expected if there were no differences between the groups (E):
chi-square test of independence
T or F: for therre to be a significant different in a chi-square test of independence, we need less participants than expected in some conditions compared to others:
FALSE; we need MORE participants in some conditions than others
Which test tests the nominal or categorical validity of our conditions in hypothesis 1?
chi-square test
What test(s) do you use to evaluate hypothesis 1?
One-way ANOVA with a post-hoc test
Which test(s) do you use to evaluate the continuous variable in hypothesis 2?
planned contrasts
What is an omnibus test?
a test that tells you if there is ANY difference within the group (but cannot locate the differences)
In which test do we subtract the expected score (E) from the observer score (O)?
chi-square test of independence
Which test analyzes a categorical/behavioral measurable?
chi-square test of independence
What is a type I error (alpha error)?
when the researcher incorrectly rejects the null hypothsis
- the results simple occured by chance
ex. saying the man IS guilty, when he is not
What is a type II error (beta error)?
when the researcher fails to reject the null hypothsis
- there WAS a significant finding, but it was missed in the analysis
ex. saying the man is NOT guilty, when he really is
What is hypothsis guessing?
when the participant actively attempts to identify the purpose of the research
What does it mean when a study has “power”?
the study is able to find significant differences between groups, when there really is a real difference!
All of the following are benefits of mutligroup design, except:
a) it allows you to discover functional or curvilinear relationships
b) you generally need fewer participants
c) you can test several levels of the independent variable in the same study
d) you are more likely to have significant findings
d) you are more likely to have significant findings
Hunter designed a study to test children’s enjoyent of certain toys. He has a gorup of 150 children play with either a: jump rope, remote control car, doll, or a puzzle. How many levels does Hunter’s independent variable have?
a) 4
b) 3
c) 150
d) 1
a) 4
Danica has a cold, so her mom gives her hot chicken soup with carrots, noodles, celery and broth. Danica’s mom explains that the broth will help her feel better. Which of the following would be a potential confound if her mom tries testing her hypothesis?
a) the carrots
b) the noodles
c) the temperature of the soup
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
A financial-planning agency wants to do a study on how exposure to large sums of money can influence decision making among their clients. During study planning, a member of the research team raises the concern that some of their clients routinely handle large sums of money (ex. Some are cashiers, bankers, or already wealthy). What is the best way to solve this issue?
a) add an empty control group to the research design
b) have the experimenter assign participants to their condition
c) use random selection to obtain a representative sample
d) use random assignment to place participants into the different conditions
d) use random assignment to place participants into the different conditions
If we have a multigroup with 4 groups, roughly how many participants should we have to have reasonable power?
a) 30
b) 40
c) 120
d) 150
c) 120
Mia believes that drinking iced coffee before her class helps him learn the material better. To test this, she runs a study where participants are randomly assigned to drink either iced coffee just the way Mia likes (2% milk, 3 packets of sugar) OR ice water with 3 packets of sugar mixed in. Which of the following is a confound?
a) the packets of sugar
b) the 2% milk
c) the ice in the drink
d) all of the above
b) the 2% milk
A design invetigating the effects of room temperature on attitudes toward climate includes questions where participants are asked to estimate the room temperature, size and time spent in the room. This constitutes a _______ and addind distractor items unrelated to those concepts help reduce_______
a) debriefing exercise; participant reactivity
b) debriefing exercise; hypothesis guessing
c) manipulation check; confounding variables
d) manipulation sheck; demand characteristics
d) manipulation sheck; demand characteristics
To achieve adequate power, a general rule of thumb is to study at least ___ participants per group
a) 8
b) 15
c) 30
d) 50
c) 30
Cronbach’s alpha assesses the _____ of a self-report measure
a) validity
b) reliability
c) effect size
d) statistical significance
b) reliability
A one-way ANOVA revealed that the results from a 4-group experiment were satistically significant. How many post-hoc tests should be conducted?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
d) 6
Which statistic assesses the internal consistency reliability of a scale?
a) ANOVA
b) F score
c) Cronbach’s alpha
d) eta
c) Cronbach’s alpha
Which is a true statement about a nonsignificant manipulation check?
a) it invalidates an experiment because an independent variable was necessarily not varied
b) it is a cause of concern and warrants additional investigation
c) it is the expected result and thus not a cause of concern
d) it demonstrates that any significant group differences observed on the dependent variable occured by chance
b) it is a cause of concern and warrants additional investigation
Suppose participants randomly assigned and tested in a hot room expressed more concern about global warming than participants randomly assigned and tested in a normal or cold room. Which BEST symmarizes these results?
a) deviations from normal temperature increase concerns about global warming
b) deviations from normal temperature alter attitudes about global warming
c) heat increases concerns about global warming
d) heat alters attitudes about global warming
c) heat increases concerns about global warming
