Chapter 11: Factorial Designs Flashcards
What is a factor?
something that can influence an outcome or dependent variable
This experimental design have more than 1 independent variable (AKA factor)
factorial designs
T or F: a factorial design can establish a cause and effect relationship
TRUE
In a simplest factorial design, there are ______ IVs with ____ levels, resulting in ______ conditions
2; 2; 4
“two-by-two factorial design”
T or F: in the most basic form, factorial designs are mixed designs
FALSE. They are true experiments in the most basic form
What occurs in a true experiment?
the researcher manipulates all of the IVs, which are between-subject variables
A factorial design becomes a _________ design if any of the IVs is a within-subject variable
mixed design
If one of the IVs is a quasi-independent variable, or something the researcher cannot truly manipulate, the factorial design is a _____ design
hybrid design
If there are 2 levels of A and 3 levels of B, the design would be a ___x___ factorial design with _____ conditions
2x3; 6 conditions
How many independent variables and IV levels are in a 2x2x2 factorial design?
3 independent variables, 2 levels for each IV
You are running a study where you measure height (tall, short) and weight (heavy, skinny, average). What type of factorial design is this?
2x3
What occurs in an interaction?
1 IV alters how the other IV infleunces the DV
- a unique effect that occurs when combining 2 or more factors
WHat occurs in a crossover (disordinal) interaction?
an IV has opposing effects on the DV at the different levels of the other IV
*the IV might increase the effectiveness for 1 DV level, but may harm the other level
What occurs in an ordinal interaction?
an interaction where one IV has an influence on a particular level of the other IV, but not on all levels
**when 1 IV has an influence on a particular level of the other IV, but not on all of its levels
In this effect, the sum of 2 variables produce an outcome greater than the effects of each varible. Which effect is this?
** the whole is greater than the sum of the parts
Synergistic effect
In this effect, the sum of 2 variables produce an outcome less than the effects of each variable. Which effect is this?
**the sum is less than the parts
suppression effect
A two-way ANOVA test produces the results for:
- cell means
- marginal means
What is a cell mean?
the mean (average) for the DV for each specific combination of the IV levels
We can look at the pattern of the ____ means to understand how the 2 IVs interact or combine to influence the DV
cell means
What is a marginal mean?
the means for the DV for each level of an IV, averaged across all levels of other variables
ex. 1 set of marginaal means will focus on spray vs. no spray, while ignoring the type of pick-up line, an the other marginal means will focus on the pick-up attempts, while ignoring the spray
In a 4x3x2x2 factorial experiment, you have _____ independent variables and potentially _____ main effect hypotheses
a) 11;4
b) 4;4
c) 4;11
d) there is not enough information to tell
b) 4;4
What is a vignette?
a description of a hypothetical situation, event, or scenario to which participants react
Using a confederate in our study is important for which of the following reasons?
a) it allows us to maximize experimental control
b) it allows us to maximize external validity
c) it is the only way we can be sure to have a reliable measure
d) it is the only way we can be sure to have a valid measure
a) it allows us to maximize experimental control
Which statistical test allows us to simultaneously test how 2 seperate nominal or categorical IV (or factors) influence the DV, and how those IVs interact to influence the DV?
two-way ANOVA test (factorial ANOVA)
Which test examines how levels how levels of each IV combine with levels of other IV? These combinations then result in _____
- two-way ANOVA test
- cell mean
What does a main effect hypothesis focus on?
the effect of a single IV on the DV, ignoring all other IVs
What does the interaction effect hypothesis hypothesize?
that an effect on the DV is due to an interaction of 2 IVs
If a 2x2x3 factorial design is arranged with independent groups of participants, and 30 participants are desired per group, how many participants are required?
a) 180
b) 210
c) 360
d) 480
c) 360
(***2x2x3 = 12, then 12x30 = 360)
If a 2x3 factorial design is arranged with independent groups of participants, and 30 participants are desired per group, how many participants are required?
a) 60
b) 90
c) 120
d) 180
d) 180
What is the maximum number of factors that can be investigated in an experimental design?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) there is no maximum
d) there is no maximum
_____ factorial designs are those in which 1 or more of the factors investigated is a quasi-independent variable
a) multi-level
b) mixed
c) between-subjects
d) hybrid
d) hybrid
A factor must have a minimum of ______ levels
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
b) 2
A(n) ______ interaction effect occurs when 1 independent variable has an influence on one, but not all levels of the other independent variable
a) ordinal
b) crossover
c) point
d) contrast
a) ordinal
An advantage of studies conducted in the natural environmnet is that they tend to be high in:
a) statistical power
b) interaction effects
c) mundane realism
d) experimental control
c) mundane realism
A 2x2 factorial design arranges how many marginal means?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
d) 4
A 2x3 factorial design arranges how many cell means?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 5
d) 6
d) 6
A ____ mean is the average on the deppendent variable
a) cell
b) factor
c) marginal
d) sample
a) cell
A(n) ____ effect occurs when 2 variables combine to produce an outcome that is smaller than what each individual variable contributes
a) insignificant
b) marginal
c) crossover
d) suppression
d) suppression
A _____ effect occurs when two variables combine to produce an outcome that is greater than what each individual variable contributes
a) significant
b) suppression
c) main
d) synergistic
d) synergistic
A researcher is given the task of creating a stress-lowering environment. The researcher runs a between-subjects 2x2 factorial design (music or no music, with waterfall sound or no waterfall sound). This study potentially has _______ main effect hypotheses and _____ interaction effect hypotheses
a) 4;8
b) 4;4
c) 2;4
d) 2;2
c) 2;4
