Chapter 8: Two-Group Design Flashcards
In an experimental design, you can identify a ________
cause-and-effect relationship
What is the name when changes in 1 variable are associated with changes in another variable, and causality is determined?
covariation (tells us that 2 variables are related, but not the direction)
What is a temporal precedence?
when changes in the suspected cause (treatment) occur before changes in the effect (outcome)
What is the easiest way to establish temporal presedence?
in an experimental design
What are extraneous variables?
factors separate from the intended treatment that might change the outcome
To determine causality, we need to eliminate/control ____
extraneous variables
How can we prevent extraneous variables?
random selection
This type of validity looks at whether the IV is the only cause of change in behavior:
internal validity
Looks at how closely the study mimics the real world and helps make the participant more involved:
mundane realism
What is another method for getting participants to engage in the study and ensuring the reactions to the manipulation stay neutral?
experimental realism
What type of experiment compares 2 groups or conditions, and is the most basic way to establish cause-and effect?
two-group experiment
This group receives the key treatment in an experiment
experimental group
This group serves as the comparison group and receives either NO treatment, or a different amount of the IV
control group
What is experimental control?
the ability to keep everything between groups the same except for the one element we want to test in an experiment
What is the “a-little-more-versus-a-little-less” approach?
The experimental group gets a little bit more of the treatment, while the control group gets a little less
____ attention focuses on something important while screening out disctractions
selective
What is “independence”?
the assumption that each participant represents a unique and individual data point
T or F: in a random assignment, participants have an equal chance of being in any group
TRUE
A _____ design matches 2 participants with similar scores and skills, and then randomly assigns them to different groups
matched-pair design
A ______ helps determine whether changing or altering the independent variable was actually effective
manipulation check
What does the effect size tell you?
how large the difference is between the means
After running a t-test, when do we reject the null hypothesis?
when the p-level is LESS than .05
An independent samples t-test is used when there is ___ IV with ___ levels/conditions, and is used to test if the 2 groups are different
1;2
By first manipulating an independent variable and then measuring a dependent variable, experimental designs can establish the ____ that correlational designs often cannot
a) strength of covariation
b) pattern of covariation
c) temporal precedence
d) control of extraneous variables
c) temporal precedence
***the IV has to come before the effect (outcome)
A student can actively listen to their professor and take detailed notes despite being in a noisy and distracting lecture hall. This requires:
a) selective attention
b) episodic memory
c) memory transience
d) a divided consciousness
a) selective attention
Which is a problem associated with allowing participants to assign themselves to one of the two groups in an experiment?
a) it becomes impossible to manipulate the IV
b) the experiment will lack mundane realism
c) scores will not be independent
d) participants may more easily identify the purpose of the study
d) participants may more easily identify the purpose of the study
In which case is there NOT convincing evidence to suggest that 2 groups are different?
a) p = .001
b) p = .01
c) p = .03
d) p = .06
d) p = .06
In a study examining whether restrictions on cell phone use result in differences in performance on a memory test, participants who couldn’t check their phones scored approximately a latter grade lower than participants who could. The students who couldn’t check resported being more distracted by their phones, consistent with the literature on:
a) working memory
b) thought suppression
c) obedience
d) conscientiousness
b) thought suppression
In an experiment examining whether refraining from cell phone use one hour before bedtime leads to better sleep, degree of cell phone use would be considered the _____ variable, whereas sleep quality would be considered the _____ variable
a) dependent; independent
b) dependent; control
c) independent; dependent
d) control; independent
c) independent; dependent
You conduct a simple experiment to determine if listening to music while taking a test improves students’ test scores. You set the significance level at .05, and after running a t-test for independent means, you find that the p-value is p = .04. What does this p-value indicate about your research findings?
a) students who do not listen to music while taking a test have a better chance of performing well on their test
b) the research hypothesis must be incorrect because the significance level is so low
c) the difference between the test scores of those students in the experimental group and those in the control group is statistically significant
d) there is not enough evidence to suggest that there is a true difference between the two research groups
c) the difference between the test scores of those students in the experimental group and those in the control group is statistically significant
Which of these requires examination using an experimental approach?
a) the effect of practice on performance
b) the relationship between height and weight
c) the role of gender on athleticism
d) the relationship between head circumference and intelligence
a) the effect of practice on performance
A nonsystematic and nonbiased method of putting participants into groups that ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being in any group is called
a) matched-pair design
b) random assignment
c) self-selection
d) experimental control
b) random assignment
If you are interested in determining whether fatigue causes a negative mood state you would need to conduct a(n)
a) survey
b) observational study
c) experiment
d) interview
c) experiment
Dr. Akimoto conducts a correlational study that finds that the amount of sleep a person gets the night before a test is associated with their performance on that test. The results of Dr. Akimoto’s study are able to demonstrate that there is _____ between the two variables of interest
a) random assignment
b) independence
c) temporal precedence
d) covariation
d) covariation
Which of these BEST exemplifies a directional hypothesis in an experimental design?
a) new drivers who take an enhanced driver’s education course will have fewer accidents than those who take the traditional course
b) as the age of drivers increases, the rate of accidents decreases
c) there will be a difference in the number of accidents over the course of a year between new drivers and experienced drivers
d) will younger drivers get into fewer accidents than older drivers?
a) new drivers who take an enhanced driver’s education course will have fewer accidents than those who take the traditional course
What is external validity?
The extent to which study findings can be generalized outside the data collection setting to other people at other times
Sam hypothesizes that parents or caregivers assigned to play with their child for 30 minutes will have less distracted children when they are left with a stranger for 30 minutes. This is an example of what type of hypothesis?
a) nondirectional hypothsis
b) directional hypothesis
c) null hypothesis
d) casual hypothesis
b) directional hypothesis
_________ _________ represents when participants become engrossed in the maniuplation of the study, to which they feel it influences them
experimental realism
