Chapter 9: Metabolism Flashcards
catabolism of each
MAKES ACETYLCOA
carbs (all, cytoplasm->mitochondria)
-glycolysis & bridge step
lipids (liver, mitochondria)
-beta oxidation
proteins (liver & kidneys, mitochondria)
-deamination
alcohol (liver, cytoplasm & mitochondria)
-MEOS
anabolic of each
carbs (liver and kidney, cytoplasm and mitochondria)
-glucogenesis
lipids (liver and adipose tissue, cytoplasm)
-lipogenesis
protein (ribosomes, cytoplasm)
-protein synthesis
alcohol
-doesn’t have one
composition of ATP
-nucleotide base
-sugar
-3 phosphates
how does the body get more ATP
it’s recycled
what is a REDOX reaction
-reduction
-oxidation
LEOGER
lose electron oxidation
gain electron reduction
what vitamins are key in REDOX reactions
-riboflavin
-niacin
how are ATP and oxidization connected
when macros are turned into ATP they are oxidized
how is ATP produced
cellular respiration
aerobic vs anaerobic respiration
aerobic
-oxygen
-MOST ENERGY
anaerobic
-no oxygen
-cori cycle (lactate->muscle fatigue)
glycolysis: ATP in and out
2 in, 4 ATP 2 NADH out
which step of cellular respiration is irreversible
bridge step
what vitamins are required for bridge step
-thiamin
-niacin
-riboflavin
-pantothenic acid (B5)
what is first step in citric acid cycle
acetylcoa reacts with oxaloacatate to form citrate
which step in glucose metabolism runs twice
citric acid cycle
what does citric acid cycle make
-6NADH
-2FADH2
-2 GTP (->ATP)
which step of glucose metabolism makes the most ATP
ETC
what does ETC require
-iron
-copper
how much ATP from NADH and FADH2
NADH
2.5 ATP
FADH2
1.5 ATP
what is the cori cycle
anaerobic process where
in muscle
glucose->pyruvate (makes ATP)
pyruvate->lactate
goes to liver
lactate->glucose (uses ATP)
goes back to muscle
sources of fatty acids
-dietary
-from adipose tissue (hormone-sensitive lipase
fatty acid transport (cell & mitochondria)
into cell
-passive diffusion
into mitochondria
-covalent linkage to carnitine
how is a fatty acid activated for beta oxidation
attaching a acetylcoa to it
what is beta oxidation
were carbons are taken off fatty acid (2 at a time) and produce
-1 NADH (ETC)
-1 FADH2 (ETC)
-1 acetylcoa (citric acid cycle)
steps of beta-oxidation
-oxidize
-hydrate
-oxidize
-hydrolyze
how do double bonds affect energy yield of fatty acids
saturated make slightly more energy
what happens if citric acid cycle runs out of intermediates?
-it will slow or stop
-glucose and AA can be replenish intermediates
types of ketone bodies
-acetoacetic acid
-beta-hydroxybutyric acid
-acetone
where does protein metabolism happen
liver (branch chain amino acids in mucle)
what vitamin is required for transamination or deamination
B6
glucogenic vs ketogenic amino acids
glucogenic (make glucose)
ketogenic (make ketone bodies)
ammonia
NH3 released by proteins, toxic to the brain
where does urea cycle occur
in cytosol and mitochondria of hepatic cells (liver)
what is urea cycle
the process of excreting the ammonia from protein deamination (ammonia->urea, excreted)
where does gluconeogenesis occur
in the kidney and liver
first step of gluconeogenesis
formation of oxaloacetate in mitochondria
how does alcohol metabolism work
-ethanol -> acetaldehyde
(using MEOS, ADH, or catalase pathways)
-acetaldehyde -> acetylcoa
-enters citric acid cycle
molecules glucose turns into in metabolism
-glucose
-pyruvate
-oxaloacetate
where do citric acid cycle and ETC occur
-citric acid cycle
(mitochondria)
-ETC
(mitochondria)
ATP / ADP ration
high- lots of energy
low- less energy
how is energy metabolism regulated
enzymes
-expression level
-activity
hormones
-insulin & glucagon
vitamins & minerals
-cofactors & coenzymes
3 types of fasting
postprandial (0-6 hours)
-breaks down glycogen
-breaks down fatty acids from adipose
-breaks down lean tissue (to make glucose)
short term (3-5 days)
-no carbs left
-most energy from lean muscle
long term (5+ days)
-no carbs left
-metabolism slows
-ketone bodies
-death (lean body mass 50% gone)
feasting causes increase in what
-increase adipose
-increase insulin
excess intake of calories causes what
weight gain (even is protein)
what is the main concern of fasting
decrease of lean body (muscle) mass as it’s used for energy
