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Nutrition 200 > carbohydrates > Flashcards

carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

GL measures

A

accounts for portions, how much your bloodstream will be affected

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2
Q

what is ketosis

A

-break down of fat bc glycogen is gone
-acidic blood (H) which causes calcium to leave bones to neutralize it

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3
Q

what is a hexose

A

6 carbon sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose)

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4
Q

what is a pentose

A

5 carbon sugar (ribose & deoxyribose)

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5
Q

which monosaccharide is a 4 carbon ring (instead of 5)

A

fructose

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6
Q

what shape bond is alpha bond

A

U and I

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7
Q

what shape bond is beta bond

A

L and \/\

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8
Q

how do monosaccharides bond

A

condensation reaction / dehydration synthesis

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9
Q

bonds of the main dissacharides

A

maltose: alpha 1,4
sucrose: alpha 1,2
lactose: beta 1,4

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10
Q

how to determine glucose from galactose

A

Glucose: C4 OH down (ABA)
Galactose: C4 OH up (AAB)

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11
Q

oligosaccharides

A

-3-10 monosaccharides
-indigestible

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12
Q

because oligosaccharides cant be digested what happens

A

the bacteria uses them for fuel, produce gas

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13
Q

examples of starch

A

-amylose: no branching, alpha 1,4
-amylopectin: branched, alpha 1,4

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14
Q

branching vs no branching

A

branching: carbs can be digested quicker, quick energy (unsteady blood sugar)

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15
Q

glycogen, branched? stored?

A

-highly branched
-90g in liver
-300g in muscle

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16
Q

2 types of total fiber

A

-digestible
-indigestible (dietary fiber)

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17
Q

purpose of carbs

A

-provide energy (CNS and RBC)
-prevent protein breakdown
-prevent ketone body formation

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18
Q

diverticula, diverticulosis, diverticulitis

A

diverticula- (the pouch) large intestine protrudes through muscle, forming pouches
diverticulosis- (the condition) asymptomatic, very common
diverticulitis- (infection) when diverticula become inflamed

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19
Q

enzymes in carb digestion,
substrates->products,
location (from/in)

A

salivary amylase
-(starch->smaller)
-from/in mouth

pancreatic amylase and dextranase
-(starch->smaller)
-from pancreas
-in small intestine

maltase, sucrase, lactase
-(disaccharides->monosaccharides)
-from enterocytes
-in glycocalyx (small intestine villi)

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20
Q

how are the 3 monosaccharides absorped

A

glucose & galactose- active transport (high concentration inside cell)
-co-transported with Na+

fructose- facilitated diffusion (low concentration in side cell
-some->glucose bc enterocytes

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21
Q

what does liver do in carb absorption

A

-converts fructose and galactose to glucose
-stores up to 90g (glycogen)

22
Q

consequences of high fiber diets

A

-hard stool
-decreased mineral absorption (binding and speeding)
-malnourishment

23
Q

high sugar diets

A

-weight gain and obesity
-diabetes
-cardiovascular disease
-dental carries

24
Q

how do low fat products often compensate

A

with extra sugar

25
how are dental carries caused
bacteria digest food and release acidic byproducts which degrade tooth enamel
26
2 types of lactose intolerance
primary- genetic, lactase goes away secondary- disease damages the enterocytes that produce lactase
27
where do insulin and glucagon come from
insulin: released by pancreas beta cells glucagon: released by pancreas alpha cells
28
what happens when high blood glucose
-insulin released from pancreas -cells absorb glucose -liver and muscle convert it into glycogen
29
what happens when low blood glucose
-glucagon from pancreas -glycogen broken down -increased gluconeogenesis
29
what is gluconeogenesis
metabolic process where body produces glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
30
complications of diabetes
-nerve damage -blindness -CVD -kidney disease -ketosis
31
type 1 diabetes
-autoimmune disease -genetic -killing of the insulin producing beta cells in pancreas
32
type 2 diabetes
-progressive disease -reduced insulin sensitivity (could still be lots of insulin) -leads to the loss of beta cells (bc of exhaustion) -correctable until beta cells start dying
33
how can diabetes lead to ketosis
body cannot make energy off of glucose (bc cells can't absorb it) so fat is used instead
34
hypoglycemia
blood glucose below 50mg/dL
35
what units are blood stuff measured in
mg/dL
36
Epinephrine
-Adrenaline boost, fight or flight (quick energy) -Breaks down glycogen, maybe some muscle -Raises blood glucose -Source: adrenal glands (medulla) -Target: liver (glucagon in liver), muscle
37
Cortisol
-Stress hormone (long term energy) -Create more glycogen (weight gain) -Source: adrenal glands (cortex) -Target: liver (glucagon in liver), muscle
38
Growth Hormone
-Increases growth -Source: pituitary gland -Target: liver, muscle, adipose tissue
39
GI vs GL
Glycemic Index (RATE) -How much sugar is in the food -Blood glucose response (compared to standard glucose/white bread) -Based on 50 g of that carbohydrate Glycemic Load (DENSITY) -Compensates for serving size
40
Glycemic Load Equation
Glycemic load= (Carb content (g) x glycemic index) / 100
41
what alters glycemic index
-food structure (amylose v amylopectin) -fiber content (slows) -food processing (processing breaks it down alr so its faster) -physical structure (particle size) (small=fast)
42
fiber AMDR
25g per day for women 38g per day for men
43
why can diarrhea be life threatening
-causes malnutrition -leads to infection -cycle
44
where are anomeric carbons
(carbon touching two oxygens) -right for gluc and galac -left for fruc (count from left arm tho)
45
locations of starch vs glycogen
starch = plants glycogen = animals
46
benefits of fiber
-bowel movements easier -filling (reduces risk of obesity) -slows glucose absorption -> better blood glucose control -inhibits absorption of cholesterol and (reused) bile acids
47
when is diabetes diagnosed
when fasting blood sugar is above 126 mg/dL
48
what is diarrhea
watery, loose stool more than 3 times a day
49
what causes diarrhea
bacteria or viral infection

Nutrition 200 (14 decks)

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