Chapter 9: Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info.

Question 2

Flashbulb Memories

Answer 2

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

The processing of info into the memory system.

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

The retention of encoded info over time.

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

The process of getting info out of memory storage.

Question 6

Sensory Memory

Answer 6

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system.

Question 7

Short-term Memory

Answer 7

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the 7 digits of a phone # while dialing, before the info is stored or forgotten.

Question 8

Long-term Memory

Answer 8

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experiences.

Question 9

Working Memory

Answer 9

A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial info and info of retrieved from long-term memory.

Question 10

Automatic Processing

Answer 10

unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned info such as word meaning.

Question 11

Effortful Processing

Answer 11

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Question 12

Rehearsal

Answer 12

The conscious repetition of info, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

Question 13

Spacing Effect

Answer 13

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Question 14

Serial Position Effect

Answer 14

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list.

Question 15

Visual Encoding

Answer 15

Mental pictures, images.

Question 16

Acoustic Encoding

Answer 16

Listening, saying something out loud.

Question 17

Semantic Encoding

Answer 17

Give meaning to the info.

Question 18

Self-reference effect

Answer 18

finding personal meaning.

Question 19

Imagery

Answer 19

Mental Pictures.

Question 20

Rosy Retrospection

Answer 20

People recall events more positively than they evaluated them at the time they occurred.

Question 21

Mnemonic Devices

Answer 21

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Question 22

Chunking

Answer 22

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Question 23

Hierarchies

Answer 23

Broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts.

Question 24

Iconic Memory

Answer 24

Visual sensory memory that lasts for 1-2 seconds

Question 25

Echoic Memory

Answer 25

Auditory sensory memory that lasts for 1-2 seconds

Question 26

George Miller

Answer 26

Enshrined the recall capacity of the magical #7 + or - 2

Question 27

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 27

An increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief rapid simulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Question 28

Implicit memory

Answer 28

Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection. Skills, habits, CC. Processed by cerebellum.

Question 29

Explicit Memory

Answer 29

Memory of facts & experiences that one can consciously know and declare. Processed in hippocampus.

Question 30

Recognition

Answer 30

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test.

Question 31

Recall

Answer 31

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test.

Question 32

Priming

Answer 32

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular association in memory.

Question 33

Deja Vu

Answer 33

Eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before” (cues from current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience)

Question 34

Mood-congruent memory

Answer 34

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent w ones current good or bad mood

Question 35

Ebbinghaus

Answer 35

Retention curve - as rehearsal increases, relearning time decreases.

Question 36

Proactive Interference

Answer 36

(Forward acting) the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info. (Remember old not new)

Question 37

Retroactive Interference

Answer 37

(Backward acting) disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info. (Remember new not old)

Question 38

Repression

Answer 38

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism motivated that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories (motivated forgetting)

Question 39

Lotus

Answer 39

Psychologist, known for her work with memory (memory construction)

Question 40

Misinformation effect

Answer 40

Incorporating misleading I do into ones memory of an event

Question 41

Source amnesia

Answer 41

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.

Question 42

Amnesia

Answer 42

The loss of memory

Question 43

Hippocampus

Answer 43

A neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memory for storage

Question 44

Cerebellum

Answer 44

The brain region extending out from the rear of the brain stem, plays a key role in forming and storing implicit memories created by CC.

Question 45

Relearning

Answer 45

A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for the 2nd time